Nobel Prize winners by name 1

▪ Table

Nobel Prize winners by name (G through I)

name year category country* achievement literary area

Gabor, Dennis 1971 physics U.K. invention of holography

Gajdusek, D. Carleton 1976 physiology/

medicine U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases

Galsworthy, John 1932 literature U.K. novelist

Gao Xingjian 2000 literature France novelist, dramatist

García Márquez, Gabriel 1982 literature Colombia novelist, journalist, social critic

García Robles, Alfonso 1982 peace Mexico

Gasser, Herbert Spencer 1944 physiology/

medicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

Gell-Mann, Murray 1969 physics U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions

Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de 1991 physics France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules

Giacconi, Riccardo 2002 physics U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays

Giaever, Ivar 1973 physics U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Giauque, William Francis 1949 chemistry U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

Gide, André 1947 literature France novelist, essayist

Gilbert, Walter 1980 chemistry U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

Gilman, Alfred G. 1994 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) 2003 physics Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

Gjellerup, Karl Adolph 1917 literature Denmark novelist

Glaser, Donald A. 1960 physics U.S. development of the bubble chamber

Glashow, Sheldon Lee 1979 physics U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

Glauber, Roy J. 2005 physics U.S. contributions to the field of optics

Gobat, Charles-Albert 1902 peace Switzerland

Golding, Sir William 1983 literature U.K. novelist

Goldstein, Joseph L. 1985 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

Golgi, Camillo 1906 physiology/

medicine Italy work on the structure of the nervous system

Gorbachev, Mikhail 1990 peace U.S.S.R.

Gordimer, Nadine 1991 literature South Africa novelist

Gore, Al 2007 peace U.S.

Grameen Bank 2006 peace (founded 1976)

Granger, Clive W.J. 2003 economics U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

Granit, Ragnar Arthur 1967 physiology/

medicine Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Grass, Günter 1999 literature Germany novelist

Greengard, Paul 2000 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Grignard, Victor 1912 chemistry France discovery of the Grignard reagents

Gross, David J. 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

Grubbs, Robert H. 2005 chemistry U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Grünberg, Peter 2007 physics Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance

Guillaume, Charles Édouard 1920 physics Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys

Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis 1977 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Gullstrand, Allvar 1911 physiology/

medicine Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye

Haavelmo, Trygve 1989 economic science Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting

Haber, Fritz 1918 chemistry Germany synthesis of ammonia

Hahn, Otto 1944 chemistry Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

Hall, John L. 2005 physics U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

Hammarskjöld, Dag 1961 peace Sweden

Hamsun, Knut 1920 literature Norway novelist

Hänsch, Theodor W. 2005 physics Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

Harden, Sir Arthur 1929 chemistry U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

Harsanyi, John C. 1994 economics U.S. development of game theory

Hartline, Haldan Keffer 1967 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Hassel, Odd 1969 chemistry Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shapes of molecules

Hauptman, Herbert A. 1985 chemistry U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules

Hauptmann, Gerhart 1912 literature Germany dramatist

Haworth, Sir Norman 1937 chemistry U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Hayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) 1974 economics U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

Heaney, Seamus 1995 literature Ireland poet

Heckman, James J. 2000 economics U.S.

development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour

Heeger, Alan J. 2000 chemistry U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

Heidenstam, Verner von 1916 literature Sweden poet

Heisenberg, Werner 1932 physics Germany creation of quantum mechanics

Hemingway, Ernest 1954 literature U.S. novelist

Hench, Philip Showalter 1950 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Henderson, Arthur 1934 peace U.K.

Herschbach, Dudley R. 1986 chemistry U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

Hershey, A.D. 1969 physiology/

medicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Hershko, Avram 2004 chemistry Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Hertz, Gustav 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Herzberg, Gerhard 1971 chemistry Canada research in the structure of molecules

Hess, Victor Francis 1936 physics Austria discovery of cosmic radiation

Hess, Walter Rudolf 1949 physiology/

medicine Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain

Hesse, Hermann 1946 literature Switzerland novelist

Hevesy, Georg Charles von 1943 chemistry Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research

Hewish, Antony 1974 physics U.K. work in radio astronomy

Heymans, Corneille 1938 physiology/

medicine Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation

Heyrovský, Jaroslav 1959 chemistry Czech. discovery and development of polarography

Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von 1910 literature Germany poet, novelist, dramatist

Hicks, Sir John R. 1972 economics U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Hill, A.V. 1922 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles

Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman 1956 chemistry U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

Hitchings, George Herbert 1988 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Hodgkin, Sir Alan 1963 physiology/

medicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) 1964 chemistry U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia

Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't 1901 chemistry The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure

Hoffmann, Roald 1981 chemistry U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

Hofstadter, Robert 1961 physics U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons

Holley, Robert William 1968 physiology/

medicine U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Hooft, Gerardus 't 1999 physics The Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland 1929 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

Horvitz, H. Robert 2002 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold 1979 physiology/

medicine U.K. development of the CAT scan

Houssay, Bernardo Alberto 1947 physiology/

medicine Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

Hubel, David Hunter 1981 physiology/

medicine U.S. processing of visual information by the brain

Huber, Robert 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

Huggins, Charles B. 1966 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Hull, Cordell 1945 peace U.S.

Hulse, Russell Alan 1993 physics U.S. identifying binary pulsars

Hume, John 1998 peace Northern Ireland

Hurwicz, Leonid 2007 economics U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding 1963 physiology/

medicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Ignarro, Louis J. 1998 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Institute of International Law (International Law, Institute of) 1904 peace (founded 1873)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 peace (founded 1988)

International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 peace (founded 1957)

International Campaign to Ban Landmines 1997 peace (founded 1992)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1917 peace (founded 1863)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1944 peace (founded 1863)

International Committee of the Red Cross 1963 peace (founded 1863)

International Labour Organisation (International Labour Organization) 1969 peace (founded 1919)

International Peace Bureau 1910 peace (founded 1891)

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1985 peace (founded 1980)

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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