Nobel Prize winners by year 5
- Nobel Prize winners by year 5
-
Nobel Prize winners by year (1991–2000)
year category name country* achievement literary area
1991
chemistry Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
economics Coase, Ronald U.
S.
application of economic principles to the study of law
physiology/
medicine Neher, Erwin Germany discovery of how cells communicate,
as related to diseases
physiology/
medicine Sakmann, Bert Germany discovery of how cells communicate,
as related to diseases
1992
economics Becker, Gary S. U.
S.
application of economic theory to social sciences
physics Charpak, Georges France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles
physiology/
physiology/
1993
chemistry Mullis, Kary B. U.
S.
inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation
chemistry Smith, Michael Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation
physiology/
physiology/
medicine Sharp, Phillip A. U.
S.
discovery of "
split,"
or interrupted,
genetic structure
1994
chemistry Olah, George A. U.
S.
development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules
physiology/
physiology/
medicine Rodbell, Martin U.
S.
discovery of cell signalers called G-
proteins
1995
chemistry Crutzen, Paul The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth'
s ozone layer
chemistry Molina, Mario U.
S.
explanation of processes that deplete Earth'
s ozone layer
physiology/
medicine Lewis, Edward B. U.
S.
identification of genes that control the body'
s early structural development
physiology/
physiology/
medicine Wieschaus, Eric F. U.
S.
identification of genes that control the body'
s early structural development
1996
economics Mirrlees, James A. U.
K.
contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information
economics Vickrey, William U.
S.
contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information
physics Lee, David M. U.
S.
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-
3
physiology/
medicine Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-
infected cells
physiology/
medicine Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-
infected cells
1997
chemistry Boyer, Paul D. U.
S.
explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate
chemistry Skou, Jens C. Denmark discovery of sodium-
potassium-
activated adenosine triphosphatase
chemistry Walker, John E. U.
K.
explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate
economics Merton, Robert C. U.
S.
methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives
economics Scholes, Myron S. U.
S.
methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives
physics Chu, Steven U.
S.
process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
physiology/
1998
chemistry Kohn, Walter U.
S.
development of the density-
functional theory
chemistry Pople,
John A. (
Pople, Sir John A.)
U.
K.
development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
economics Sen, Amartya India contribution to welfare economics
physiology/
medicine Furchgott, Robert F. U.
S.
discovery that nitric oxide (
NO)
acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
physiology/
medicine Ignarro, Louis J. U.
S.
discovery that nitric oxide (
NO)
acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
physiology/
medicine Murad, Ferid U.
S.
discovery that nitric oxide (
NO)
acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1999
chemistry Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/
U.
S.
study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
economics Mundell, Robert A. Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes
physics Hooft, Gerardus 't The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions
physiology/
medicine Blobel, Günter U.
S.
discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization
2000
chemistry Heeger, Alan J. U.
S.
discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
economics Heckman, James J. U.
S.
development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour
economics McFadden, Daniel L. U.
S.
development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour
physics Alferov,
Zhores I. (
Alferov, Zhores)
Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
physics Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
physiology/
medicine Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
physiology/
medicine Greengard, Paul U.
S.
discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
physiology/
medicine Kandel,
Eric R. (
Kandel, Eric)
U.
S.
discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
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