- Nobel Prize winners by year 5
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▪ TableNobel Prize winners by year (1991–2000)year category name country* achievement literary area1991chemistry Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyeconomics Coase, Ronald U.S. application of economic principles to the study of lawliterature Gordimer, Nadine South Africa novelistpeace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmarphysics Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de France discovery of general rules for behaviour of moleculesphysiology/medicine Neher, Erwin Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseasesphysiology/medicine Sakmann, Bert Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases1992chemistry Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between moleculeseconomics Becker, Gary S. U.S. application of economic theory to social sciencesliterature Walcott, Derek St. Lucia poetpeace Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemalaphysics Charpak, Georges France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particlesphysiology/medicine Fischer, Edmond H. U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinasesphysiology/medicine Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases1993chemistry Mullis, Kary B. U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulationchemistry Smith, Michael Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulationeconomics Fogel, Robert William U.S. contributions to economic historyeconomics North, Douglass C. U.S. contributions to economic historyliterature Morrison, Toni U.S. novelistpeace de Klerk, F.W. South Africapeace Mandela, Nelson South Africaphysics Hulse, Russell Alan U.S. identifying binary pulsarsphysics Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsarsphysiology/medicine Roberts, Richard J. U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structurephysiology/medicine Sharp, Phillip A. U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure1994chemistry Olah, George A. U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon moleculeseconomics Harsanyi, John C. U.S. development of game theoryeconomics Nash, John F. (Nash, John F., Jr.) U.S. development of game theoryeconomics Selten, Reinhard Germany development of game theoryliterature Oe Kenzaburo (Ōe Kenzaburō) Japan novelistpeace Arafat, Yasir (Arafāt, Yāsirʿ) Palestinianpeace Peres, Shimon Israelpeace Rabin, Yitzhak Israelphysics Brockhouse, Bertram N. Canada development of neutron-scattering techniquesphysics Shull, Clifford G. U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniquesphysiology/medicine Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteinsphysiology/medicine Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins1995chemistry Crutzen, Paul The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layerchemistry Molina, Mario U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layerchemistry Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layereconomics Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theoryliterature Heaney, Seamus Ireland poetpeace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)peace Rotblat, Joseph (Rotblat, Sir Joseph) U.K.physics Perl, Martin Lewis U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particlephysics Reines, Frederick U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particlephysiology/medicine Lewis, Edward B. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development1996chemistry Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneschemistry Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneschemistry Smalley, Richard E. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneseconomics Mirrlees, James A. U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationeconomics Vickrey, William U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationliterature Szymborska, Wislawa (Szymborska, Wisława) Poland poetpeace Belo, Carlos Felipe Ximenes (Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes) Timoresepeace Ramos-Horta, José Timoresephysics Lee, David M. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physics Osheroff, Douglas D. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physics Richardson, Robert C. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physiology/medicine Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsphysiology/medicine Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells1997chemistry Boyer, Paul D. U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphatechemistry Skou, Jens C. Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatasechemistry Walker, John E. U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphateeconomics Merton, Robert C. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativeseconomics Scholes, Myron S. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativesliterature Fo, Dario Italy playwright, actorpeace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)peace Williams, Jody U.S.physics Chu, Steven U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysics Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude France process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysics Phillips, William D. U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysiology/medicine Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein1998chemistry Kohn, Walter U.S. development of the density-functional theorychemistry Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistryeconomics Sen, Amartya India contribution to welfare economicsliterature Saramago, José Portugal novelistpeace Hume, John Northern Irelandpeace Trimble, David Northern Irelandphysics Laughlin, Robert B. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysics Störmer, Horst L. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysics Tsui, Daniel C. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysiology/medicine Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Murad, Ferid U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system1999chemistry Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopyeconomics Mundell, Robert A. Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimesliterature Grass, Günter Germany novelistpeace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)physics Hooft, Gerardus 't The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysics Veltman, Martinus J.G. The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysiology/medicine Blobel, Günter U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization2000chemistry Heeger, Alan J. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricitychemistry MacDiarmid, Alan G. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricitychemistry Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricityeconomics Heckman, James J. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behavioureconomics McFadden, Daniel L. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviourliterature Gao Xingjian France novelist, playwrightpeace Kim Dae Jung South Koreaphysics Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsphysics Kilby, Jack S. (Kilby, Jack) U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)physics Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsphysiology/medicine Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Greengard, Paul U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Kandel, Eric R. (Kandel, Eric) U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.TopBack to Nobel Prize winners directorySee as table:
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Universalium. 2010.
