- Nobel Prize winners by year
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▪ TableNobel Prize winners by year1901–101941–501981–90 1911–201951–601991–20001921–301961–702001–08 1931–401971–801901–10year category name country* achievement literary area1901chemistryHenricus van 't (Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't) The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressureliterature Sully Prudhomme France poetpeace Dunant, Henri Switzerlandpeace Passy, Frédéric Francephysics Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Germany discovery of X-raysphysiology/medicine Behring, Emil von Germany work on serum therapy1902chemistry Fischer, Emil Germany work on sugar and purine synthesesliterature Mommsen, Theodor Germany historianpeace Ducommun, Élie Switzerlandpeace Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerlandphysics Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiationphysics Zeeman, Pieter The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiationphysiology/medicine Ross, Sir Ronald U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism1903chemistry Arrhenius, Svante (Arrhenius, Svante August) Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociationliterature Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius Norway novelist, poet, dramatistpeace Cremer, Sir Randal U.K.physics Becquerel, Henri France discovery of spontaneous radioactivityphysics Curie, Marie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerelphysics Curie, Pierre France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerelphysiology/medicine Finsen, Niels Ryberg Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light1904chemistry Ramsay, Sir William U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic systemliterature Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José Spain dramatistliterature Mistral, Frédéric France poetpeace Institute of International Law (International Law, Institute of) (founded1873)physics Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) U.K. discovery of argonphysiology/medicine Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russia work on the physiology of digestion1905chemistry Baeyer, Adolf von Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compoundsliterature Sienkiewicz, Henryk Poland novelistpeace Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-Hungaryphysics Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode raysphysiology/medicine Koch, Robert Germany tuberculosis research1906chemistry Moissan, Henri France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnaceliterature Carducci, Giosuè Italy poetpeace Roosevelt, Theodore U.S.physics Thomson, Sir J.J. U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gasesphysiology/medicine Golgi, Camillo Italy work on the structure of the nervous systemphysiology/medicine Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Spain work on the structure of the nervous system1907chemistry Buchner, Eduard Germany discovery of noncellular fermentationliterature Kipling, Rudyard U.K. poet, novelistpeace Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italypeace Renault, Louis Francephysics Michelson, A.A. U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigationsphysiology/medicine Laveran, Alphonse France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases1908chemistry Rutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substancesliterature Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Germany philosopherpeace Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Swedenpeace Bajer, Fredrik Denmarkphysics Lippmann, Gabriel France photographic reproduction of coloursphysiology/medicine Ehrlich, Paul Germany work on immunityphysiology/medicine Metchnikoff, Élie Russia work on immunity1909chemistry Ostwald, Wilhelm Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocitiesliterature Lagerlöf, Selma Sweden novelistpeace Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François Belgiumpeace Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' Francephysics Braun, Ferdinand Germany development of wireless telegraphyphysics Marconi, Guglielmo Italy development of wireless telegraphyphysiology/medicine Kocher, Emil Theodor Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland1910chemistry Wallach, Otto Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinationsliterature Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von Germany poet, novelist, dramatistpeace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)physics Waals, Johannes Diederik van der TheNetherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquidsphysiology/medicine Kossel, Albrecht Germany researches in cellular chemistry1911–20year category name country* achievement literary area1911chemistry Curie, Marie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radiumliterature Maeterlinck, Maurice Belgium dramatistpeace Asser, Tobias Michael Carel The Netherlandspeace Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-Hungaryphysics Wien, Wilhelm Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiationphysiology/medicine Gullstrand, Allvar Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye1912chemistry Grignard, Victor France discovery of the Grignard reagentschemistry Sabatier, Paul France method of hydrogenatingorganic compoundsliterature Hauptmann, Gerhart Germany dramatistpeace Root, Elihu U.S.physics Dalén, Nils Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoysphysiology/medicine Carrel, Alexis France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs1913chemistry Werner, Alfred Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in moleculesliterature Tagore, Rabindranath India poetpeace Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgiumphysics Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike The Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid heliumphysiology/medicine Richet, Charles France work on anaphylaxis1914chemistry Richards, Theodore William U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elementsphysics Laue, Max von Germany discovery of diffraction ofX-rays by crystalsphysiology/medicine Bárány, Robert Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus1915chemistry Willstätter, Richard Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyllliterature Rolland, Romain France novelistphysics Bragg, Sir Lawrence U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-raysphysics Bragg, Sir William U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays1916literature Heidenstam, Verner von Sweden poet1917literature Gjellerup, Karl Adolph Denmark novelistliterature Pontoppidan, Henrik Denmark novelistpeace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)physics Barkla, Charles Glover U.K. discovery of characteristicX-radiation of elements1918chemistry Haber, Fritz Germany synthesis of ammonialiterature Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (declined) Sweden poetphysics Planck, Max Germany discovery of the elemental quanta1919literature Spitteler, Carl Switzerland poet, novelistpeace Wilson, Woodrow U.S.physics Stark, Johannes Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric fieldphysiology/medicine Bordet, Jules Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum1920chemistry Nernst, Walther Hermann Germany work in thermochemistryliterature Hamsun, Knut Norway novelistpeace Bourgeois, Léon Francephysics Guillaume, Charles Édouard Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloysphysiology/medicine Krogh, August Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism1921–30year category name country* achievement literary area1921chemistry Soddy, Frederick U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopesliterature France, Anatole France novelistpeace Branting, Karl Hjalmar Swedenpeace Lange, Christian Lous Norwayphysics Einstein, Albert Switzerland work in theoretical physics1922chemistry Aston, Francis William U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number ruleliterature Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto Spain dramatistpeace Nansen, Fridtjof Norwayphysics Bohr, Niels Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiationphysiology/medicine Hill, A.V. U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in musclesphysiology/medicine Meyerhof, Otto Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles1923chemistry Pregl, Fritz Austria method of microanalysis of organic substancesliterature Yeats, William Butler Ireland poetphysics Millikan, Robert Andrews U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effectphysiology/medicine Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Canada discovery of insulinphysiology/medicine Macleod, J.J.R. U.K. discovery of insulin1924literature Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw (Reymont, Władysław Stanisław) Poland novelistphysics Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopyphysiology/medicine Einthoven, Willem The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism1925chemistry Zsigmondy, Richard Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutionsliterature Shaw, George Bernard Ireland dramatistpeace Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K.peace Dawes, Charles G. U.S.physics Franck, James Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atomphysics Hertz, Gustav Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom1926chemistry Svedberg, Theodor H.E. Sweden work on disperse systemsliterature Deledda, Grazia Italy novelistpeace Briand, Aristide Francepeace Stresemann, Gustav Germanyphysics Perrin, Jean France work on discontinuous structure of matterphysiology/medicine Fibiger, Johannes Denmark contributions to cancer research1927chemistry Wieland, Heinrich Otto Germany researches into the constitution of bile acidsliterature Bergson, Henri France philosopherpeace Buisson, Ferdinand- Édouard (Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard) Francepeace Quidde, Ludwig Germanyphysics Compton, Arthur Holly U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-raysphysics Wilson, C.T.R. U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particlesphysiology/medicine Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica1928chemistry Windaus, Adolf Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitaminsliterature Undset, Sigrid Norway novelistphysics Richardson, Sir Owen Willans U.K. work on electron emission by hot metalsphysiology/medicine Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri France work on typhus1929chemistry Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedchemistry Harden, Sir Arthur U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedliterature Mann, Thomas Germany novelistpeace Kellogg, Frank B. U.S.physics duc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) France discovery of the wave nature of electronsphysiology/medicine Eijkman, Christiaan The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitaminphysiology/medicine Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins1930chemistry Fischer, Hans Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of heminliterature Lewis, Sinclair U.S. novelistpeace Söderblom, Nathan Swedenphysics Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effectphysiology/medicine Landsteiner, Karl U.S. grouping of human blood types1931–40year category name country* achievement literary area1931chemistry Bergius, Friedrich Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methodschemistry Bosch, Carl Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methodsliterature Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (posthumous award) Sweden poetpeace Addams, Jane U.S.peace Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S.physiology/medicine Warburg, Otto Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme1932chemistry Langmuir, Irving U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistryliterature Galsworthy, John U.K. novelistphysics Heisenberg, Werner Germany creation of quantum mechanicsphysiology/medicine Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) U.K. discoveries regarding function of neuronsphysiology/medicine Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons1933literature Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. poet, novelistpeace Angell, Sir Norman U.K.physics Dirac, P.A.M. U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanicsphysics Schrödinger, Erwin Austria introduction of wave equationsin quantum mechanicsphysiology/medicine Morgan, Thomas Hunt U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes1934chemistry Urey, Harold C. U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogenliterature Pirandello, Luigi Italy dramatistpeace Henderson, Arthur U.K.physiology/medicine Minot, George Richards U.S. discoveries concerning livertreatment for anemiaphysiology/medicine Murphy, William P. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemiaphysiology/medicine Whipple, George H. U.S. discoveries concerning livertreatment for anemia1935chemistry Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène France synthesis of new radioactive elementspeace Ossietzky, Carl von Germanyphysics Chadwick, Sir James U.K. discovery of the neutronphysiology/medicine Spemann, Hans Germany organizer effect in embryo1936chemistry Debye, Peter The Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gasesliterature O'Neill, Eugene Karlfeldt, Erik AxelU.S. dramatistpeace Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentinaphysics Anderson, Carl David U.S. discovery of the positronphysics Hess, Victor Francis Austria discovery of cosmic radiationphysiology/medicine Dale, Sir Henry U.K. work on chemical transmissionof nerve impulsesphysiology/medicine Loewi, Otto Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses1937chemistry Haworth, Sir Norman U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin Cchemistry Karrer, Paul Switzerland research on carotenoids,flavins, and vitaminsliterature Martin du Gard, Roger France novelistpeace Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) U.K.physics Davisson, Clinton Joseph U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsphysics Thomson, Sir George Paget U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsphysiology/medicine Szent-Györgyi, Albert Hungary work on biological combustion1938chemistry Kuhn, Richard (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin researchliterature Buck, Pearl U.S. novelistpeace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931)physics Fermi, Enrico Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiationphysiology/medicine Heymans, Corneille Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation1939chemistry Butenandt, Adolf (declined) Germany work on sexual hormoneschemistry Ruzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenesliterature Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Finland novelistphysics Lawrence, Ernest Orlando U.S. invention of the cyclotronphysiology/medicine Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil1941–50year category name country* achievement literary area1943chemistry Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical researchphysics Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the protonphysiology/medicine Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin Kphysiology/medicine Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K1944chemistry Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nucleiliterature Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelistpeace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)physics Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nucleiphysiology/medicine Erlanger, Joseph U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibresphysiology/medicine Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres1945chemistry Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of fodder preservation methodliterature Mistral, Gabriela Chile poetpeace Hull, Cordell U.S.physics Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electronsphysiology/medicine Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valuephysiology/medicine Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valuephysiology/medicine Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value1946chemistry Northrop, John Howard U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure formchemistry Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure formchemistry Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallizationliterature Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelistpeace Balch, Emily Greene U.S.peace Mott, John R. U.S.physics Bridgman, Percy Williams U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physicsphysiology/medicine Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation1947chemistry Robinson, Sir Robert U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant productsliterature Gide, André France novelist, essayistpeace American Friends Service Committee U.S.peace Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.physics Appleton, Sir Edward Victor U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmospherephysiology/medicine Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically convertedphysiology/medicine Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism1948chemistry Tiselius, Arne Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteinsliterature Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, criticphysics Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiationphysiology/medicine Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT1949chemistry Giauque, William Francis U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperaturesliterature Faulkner, William U.S. novelistpeace Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesonsphysiology/medicine Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychosesphysiology/medicine Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain1950chemistry Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesischemistry Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesisliterature Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopherpeace Bunche, Ralph U.S.physics Powell, Cecil Frank U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesonsphysiology/medicine Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsphysiology/medicine Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsphysiology/medicine Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects1951–60year category name country* achievement literary area1951chemistry McMillan, Edwin Mattison U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elementschemistry Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elementsliterature Lagerkvist, Pär Sweden novelistpeace Jouhaux, Léon Francephysics Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesphysics Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesphysiology/medicine Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries1952chemistry Martin, A.J.P. U.K. development of partition chromatographychemistry Synge, R.L.M. U.K. development of partition chromatographyliterature Mauriac, François France poet, novelist, dramatistpeace Schweitzer, Albert Alsacephysics Bloch, Felix U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solidsphysics Purcell, E.M. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solidsphysiology/medicine Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin1953chemistry Staudinger, Hermann West Germany work on macromoleculesliterature Churchill, Sir Winston U.K. historian, oratorpeace Marshall, George C. (Marshall, George Catlett) U.S.physics Zernike, Frits The Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopyphysiology/medicine Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydratesphysiology/medicine Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates1954chemistry Pauling, Linus U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bondliterature Hemingway, Ernest U.S. novelistpeace United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)physics Born, Max U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functionsphysics Bothe, Walther West Germany invention of coincidence methodphysiology/medicine Enders, John Franklin U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culturesphysiology/medicine Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culturesphysiology/medicine Weller, Thomas H. U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures1955chemistry du Vigneaud, Vincent U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormoneliterature Laxness, Halldór Iceland novelistphysics Kusch, Polykarp U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electronphysics Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrumphysiology/medicine Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes1956chemistry Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactionschemistry Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactionsliterature Jiménez, Juan Ramón Spain poetphysics Bardeen, John U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistorphysics Brattain, Walter H. U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistorphysics Shockley, William B. U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistorphysiology/medicine Cournand, André F. U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesphysiology/medicine Forssmann, Werner West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesphysiology/medicine Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes1957chemistry Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron (Todd, Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron) U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymesliterature Camus, Albert France novelist, dramatistpeace Pearson, Lester B. Canadaphysics Lee, Tsung-Dao China discovery of violations of the principle of parityphysics Yang, Chen Ning China discovery of violations of the principle of parityphysiology/medicine Bovet, Daniel Italy production of synthetic curare1958chemistry Sanger, Frederick U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin moleculeliterature Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) U.S.S.R. novelist, poetpeace Pire, Dominique Belgiumphysics Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effectphysics Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effectphysics Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effectphysiology/medicine Beadle, George Wells U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processesphysiology/medicine Lederberg, Joshua U.S. genetic recombinationphysiology/medicine Tatum, Edward L. U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes1959chemistry Heyrovský, Jaroslav Czech. discovery and development of polarographyliterature Quasimodo, Salvatore Italy poetpeace Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron (Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron) U.K.physics Chamberlain, Owen U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiprotonphysics Segrè, Emilio U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiprotonphysiology/medicine Kornberg, Arthur U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificiallyphysiology/medicine Ochoa, Severo U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially1960chemistry Libby, Willard Frank U.S. development of radiocarbon datingliterature Saint-John Perse France poetpeace Luthuli, Albert John South Africaphysics Glaser, Donald A. U.S. development of the bubble chamberphysiology/medicine Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplantsphysiology/medicine Medawar, Sir Peter B. U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants1961–70year category name country* achievement literary area1961chemistry Calvin, Melvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesisliterature Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) Yugoslavia novelistpeace Hammarskjöld, Dag Swedenphysics Hofstadter, Robert U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleonsphysics Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effectphysiology/medicine Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear1962chemistry Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteinschemistry Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteinsliterature Steinbeck, John U.S. novelistpeace Pauling, Linus U.S.physics Landau, Lev Davidovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matterphysiology/medicine Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNAphysiology/medicine Watson, James Dewey U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNAphysiology/medicine Wilkins, Maurice U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA1963chemistry Natta, Giulio Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plasticschemistry Ziegler, Karl West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plasticsliterature Seferis, George Greece poetpeace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)peace League of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)physics Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nucleiphysics Mayer, Maria Goeppert U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nucleiphysics Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleusphysiology/medicine Eccles, Sir John Carew Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibrephysiology/medicine Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibrephysiology/medicine Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre1964chemistry Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemialiterature Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) France philosopher, dramatistpeace King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.physics Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysics Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysics Townes, Charles Hard U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysiology/medicine Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolismphysiology/medicine Lynen, Feodor West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism1965chemistry Woodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substancesliterature Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich U.S.S.R. novelistpeace United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (founded 1946)physics Feynman, Richard P. U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamicsphysics Schwinger, Julian Seymour U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamicsphysics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamicsphysiology/medicine Jacob, François France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cellsphysiology/medicine Lwoff, André France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cellsphysiology/medicine Monod, Jacques France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells1966chemistry Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of moleculesliterature Agnon, S.Y. Israel novelistliterature Sachs, Nelly Sweden poetphysics Kastler, Alfred France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atomsphysiology/medicine Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancerphysiology/medicine Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer1967chemistry Eigen, Manfred West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactionschemistry Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactionschemistry Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactionsliterature Asturias, Miguel Ángel Guatemala novelistphysics Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of starsphysiology/medicine Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyephysiology/medicine Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyephysiology/medicine Wald, George U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye1968chemistry Onsager, Lars U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processesliterature Kawabata Yasunari Japan novelistpeace Cassin, René Francephysics Alvarez, Luis W. U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance statesphysiology/medicine Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering of the genetic codephysiology/medicine Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering of the genetic codephysiology/medicine Nirenberg, Marshall William (Nirenberg, Marshall Warren) U.S. deciphering of the genetic code1969chemistry Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of moleculeschemistry Hassel, Odd Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of moleculeseconomics Frisch, Ragnar Norway work in econometricseconomics Tinbergen, Jan The Netherlands work in econometricsliterature Beckett, Samuel Ireland novelist, dramatistpeace International Labour Organisation (International Labour Organization) (founded 1919)physics Gell-Mann, Murray U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactionsphysiology/medicine Delbrück, Max U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseasesphysiology/medicine Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseasesphysiology/medicine Luria, Salvador U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases1970chemistry Leloir, Luis Federico Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrateseconomics Samuelson, Paul U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theoryliterature Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich U.S.S.R. novelistpeace Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.physics Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismphysics Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismphysiology/medicine Axelrod, Julius U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmissionphysiology/medicine Euler, Ulf von Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmissionphysiology/medicine Katz, Sir Bernard U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission1971–80year category name country* achievement literary area1971chemistry Herzberg, Gerhard Canada research in the structure of moleculeseconomics Kuznets, Simon U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nationsliterature Neruda, Pablo Chile poetpeace Brandt, Willy West Germanyphysics Gabor, Dennis U.K. invention of holographyphysiology/medicine Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. U.S. action of hormones1972chemistry Anfinsen, Christian B. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistrychemistry Moore, Stanford U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistrychemistry Stein, William H. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistryeconomics Arrow, Kenneth J. U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theoryeconomics Hicks, Sir John R. U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theoryliterature Böll, Heinrich West Germany novelistphysics Bardeen, John U.S. development of the theory of superconductivityphysics Cooper, Leon N. U.S. development of the theory of superconductivityphysics Schrieffer, John Robert U.S. development of the theory of superconductivityphysiology/medicine Edelman, Gerald Maurice U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodiesphysiology/medicine Porter, Rodney Robert U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies1973chemistry Fischer, Ernst Otto West Germany organometallic chemistrychemistry Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey U.K. organometallic chemistryeconomics Leontief, Wassily U.S. input-output analysisliterature White, Patrick Australia novelistpeace Kissinger, Henry A. U.S.peace Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnamphysics Esaki, Leo Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductorsphysics Giaever, Ivar U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductorsphysics Josephson, Brian D. U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductorsphysiology/medicine Frisch, Karl von Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patternsphysiology/medicine Lorenz, Konrad Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patternsphysiology/medicine Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns1974chemistry Flory, Paul J. U.S. studies of long-chain moleculeseconomics Hayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenaeconomics Myrdal, Gunnar Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenaliterature Johnson, Eyvind Sweden novelistliterature Martinson, Harry Sweden novelist, poetpeace MacBride, Seán Irelandpeace Sato Eisaku (Satō Eisaku) Japanphysics Hewish, Antony U.K. work in radio astronomyphysics Ryle, Sir Martin U.K. work in radio astronomyphysiology/medicine Claude, Albert U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cellsphysiology/medicine Duve, Christian René de Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cellsphysiology/medicine Palade, George E. U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells1975chemistry Cornforth, Sir John Warcup (Cornforth, Sir John) U.K. work in stereochemistrychemistry Prelog, Vladimir Switzerland work in stereochemistryeconomics Kantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourceseconomics Koopmans, Tjalling C. U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourcesliterature Montale, Eugenio Italy poetpeace Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich U.S.S.R.physics Bohr, Aage N. Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusionphysics Mottelson, Ben R. Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusionphysics Rainwater, James U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusionphysiology/medicine Baltimore, David U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellphysiology/medicine Dulbecco, Renato U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellphysiology/medicine Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell1976chemistry Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. U.S. structure of boraneseconomics Friedman, Milton U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilizationliterature Bellow, Saul U.S. novelistpeace Corrigan, Mairéad (Corrigan-Maguire, Mairéad) Northern Irelandpeace Williams, Betty Northern Irelandphysics Richter, Burton U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)physics Ting, Samuel C.C. U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)physiology/medicine Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseasesphysiology/medicine Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases1977chemistry Prigogine, Ilya Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamicseconomics Meade, James Edward U.K. contributions to theory of international tradeeconomics Ohlin, Bertil Sweden contributions to theory of international tradeliterature Aleixandre, Vicente Spain poetpeace Amnesty International (founded 1961)physics Anderson, Philip W. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysics Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysics Van Vleck, John H. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysiology/medicine Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis U.S. research on pituitary hormonesphysiology/medicine Schally, Andrew Victor (Schally, Andrew V.) U.S. research on pituitary hormonesphysiology/medicine Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. development of radioimmunoassay1978chemistry Mitchell, Peter Dennis U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systemseconomics Simon, Herbert Alexander (Simon, Herbert A.) U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizationsliterature Singer, Isaac Bashevis U.S. novelistpeace Begin, Menachem Israelpeace Sadat, Anwar el- (Sādāt, Anwar el-) Egyptphysics Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefierphysics Penzias, Arno U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryphysics Wilson, Robert Woodrow U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryphysiology/medicine Arber, Werner Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNAphysiology/medicine Nathans, Daniel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNAphysiology/medicine Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA1979chemistry Brown, Herbert Charles U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substanceschemistry Wittig, Georg West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substanceseconomics Lewis, Sir Arthur U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nationseconomics Schultz, Theodore William U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nationsliterature Elytis, Odysseus Greece poetpeace Teresa, Mother (Teresa, Blessed Mother) Indiaphysics Glashow, Sheldon Lee U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysics Salam, Abdus Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysics Weinberg, Steven U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysiology/medicine Cormack, Allan MacLeod U.S. development of the CAT scanphysiology/medicine Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.K. development of the CAT scan1980chemistry Berg, Paul U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNAchemistry Gilbert, Walter U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structurechemistry Sanger, Frederick U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structureeconomics Klein, Lawrence Robert U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuationsliterature Milosz, Czeslaw (Miłosz, Czesław) U.S. poetpeace Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo Argentinaphysics Cronin, James Watson U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesphysics Fitch, Val Logsdon U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesphysiology/medicine Benacerraf, Baruj U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesphysiology/medicineGabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesphysiology/medicine Snell, George Davis U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances1981–90year category name country* achievement literary area1981chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactionschemistry Hoffmann, Roald U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactionseconomics Tobin, James U.S. portfolio selection theory of investmentliterature Canetti, Elias Bulgaria novelist, essayistpeace United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)physics Bloembergen, Nicolaas U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopyphysics Schawlow, Arthur Leonard (Schawlow, Arthur L.) U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopyphysics Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisphysiology/medicine Hubel, David Hunter U.S. processing of visual information by the brainphysiology/medicine Sperry, Roger Wolcott U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheresphysiology/medicine Wiesel, Torsten Nils Sweden processing of visual information by the brain1982chemistry Klug, Aaron U.K. determination of structure of biological substanceseconomics Stigler, George J. U.S. economic effects of governmental regulationliterature García Márquez, Gabriel Colombia novelist, journalist, social criticpeace García Robles, Alfonso Mexicopeace Myrdal, Alva (Myrdal, Alva Reimer) Swedenphysics Wilson, Kenneth Geddes U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitionsphysiology/medicine Bergström, Sune K. Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandinsphysiology/medicine Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandinsphysiology/medicine Vane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins1983chemistry Taube, Henry U.S. study of electron transfer reactionseconomics Debreu, Gerard U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theoryliterature Golding, Sir William U.K. novelistpeace Walesa, Lech (Wałęsa, Lech) Polandphysics Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsphysics Fowler, William A. U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsphysiology/medicine McClintock, Barbara U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity1984chemistry Merrifield, Bruce U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesiseconomics Stone, Sir Richard U.K. development of national income accounting systemliterature Seifert, Jaroslav Czech. poetpeace Tutu, Desmond South Africaphysics Meer, Simon van der The Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theoryphysics Rubbia, Carlo Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theoryphysiology/medicine Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesphysiology/medicine Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesphysiology/medicine Milstein, César Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies1985chemistry Hauptman, Herbert A. U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small moleculeschemistry Karle, Jerome U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small moleculeseconomics Modigliani, Franco U.S. analyses of household savings and financial marketsliterature Simon, Claude France novelistpeace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)physics Klitzing, Klaus von West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistancephysiology/medicine Brown, Michael S. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolismphysiology/medicine Goldstein, Joseph L. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism1986chemistry Herschbach, Dudley R. U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactionschemistry Lee, Yuan T. U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactionschemistry Polanyi, John C. Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactionseconomics Buchanan, James M. U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political scienceliterature Soyinka, Wole Nigeria playwright, poetpeace Wiesel, Elie U.S.physics Binnig, Gerd West Germany development of special electron microscopesphysics Rohrer, Heinrich Switzerland development of special electron microscopesphysics Ruska, Ernst West Germany development of special electron microscopesphysiology/medicine Cohen, Stanley U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cellsphysiology/medicine Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells1987chemistry Cram, Donald J. U.S. development of molecules that can link with other moleculeschemistry Lehn, Jean-Marie France development of molecules that can link with other moleculeschemistry Pedersen, Charles J. U.S. development of molecules that can link with other moleculeseconomics Solow, Robert Merton (Solow, Robert M.) U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growthliterature Brodsky, Joseph U.S. poet, essayistpeace Arias Sánchez, Oscar Costa Ricaphysics Bednorz, J. Georg West Germany discovery of new superconducting materialsphysics Müller, Karl Alex Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materialsphysiology/medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies1988chemistry Deisenhofer, Johann West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesischemistry Huber, Robert West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesischemistry Michel, Hartmut West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesiseconomics Allais, Maurice France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resourcesliterature Mahfouz, Naguib Egypt novelistphysics Lederman, Leon Max U.S. research in subatomic particlesphysics Schwartz, Melvin U.S. research in subatomic particlesphysics Steinberger, Jack U.S. research in subatomic particlesphysiology/medicine Black, Sir James U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseasephysiology/medicine Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseasephysiology/medicine Hitchings, George Herbert U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease1989chemistry Altman, Sidney U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNAchemistry Cech, Thomas Robert U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNAeconomics Haavelmo, Trygve Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecastingliterature Cela, Camilo José Spain novelistpeace Dalai Lama Tibetphysics Dehmelt, Hans Georg U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for studyphysics Paul, Wolfgang West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for studyphysics Ramsey, Norman Foster U.S. development of the atomic clockphysiology/medicine Bishop, J. Michael U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenesphysiology/medicine Varmus, Harold U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes1990chemistry Corey, Elias James U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex moleculeseconomics Markowitz, Harry M. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision makingeconomics Miller, Merton H. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision makingeconomics Sharpe, William F. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision makingliterature Paz, Octavio Mexico poet, essayistpeace Gorbachev, Mikhail U.S.S.R.physics Friedman, Jerome Isaac U.S. discovery of atomic quarksphysics Kendall, Henry Way (Kendall, Henry) U.S. discovery of atomic quarksphysics Taylor, Richard E. Canada discovery of atomic quarksphysiology/medicine Murray, Joseph E. U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplantsphysiology/medicine Thomas, E. Donnall U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants1991–2000year category name country* achievement literary area1991chemistry Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyeconomics Coase, Ronald U.S. application of economic principles to the study of lawliterature Gordimer, Nadine South Africa novelistpeace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmarphysics Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de France discovery of general rules for behaviour of moleculesphysiology/medicine Neher, Erwin Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseasesphysiology/medicine Sakmann, Bert Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases1992chemistry Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between moleculeseconomics Becker, Gary S. U.S. application of economic theory to social sciencesliterature Walcott, Derek St. Lucia poetpeace Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemalaphysics Charpak, Georges France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particlesphysiology/medicine Fischer, Edmond H. U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinasesphysiology/medicine Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases1993chemistry Mullis, Kary B. U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulationchemistry Smith, Michael Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulationeconomics Fogel, Robert William U.S. contributions to economic historyeconomics North, Douglass C. U.S. contributions to economic historyliterature Morrison, Toni U.S. novelistpeace de Klerk, F.W. South Africapeace Mandela, Nelson South Africaphysics Hulse, Russell Alan U.S. identifying binary pulsarsphysics Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsarsphysiology/medicine Roberts, Richard J. U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structurephysiology/medicine Sharp, Phillip A. U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure1994chemistry Olah, George A. U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon moleculeseconomics Harsanyi, John C. U.S. development of game theoryeconomics Nash, John F. (Nash, John F., Jr.) U.S. development of game theoryeconomics Selten, Reinhard Germany development of game theoryliterature Oe Kenzaburo (Ōe Kenzaburō) Japan novelistpeace Arafat, Yasir (Arafāt, Yāsirʿ) Palestinianpeace Peres, Shimon Israelpeace Rabin, Yitzhak Israelphysics Brockhouse, Bertram N. Canada development of neutron-scattering techniquesphysics Shull, Clifford G. U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniquesphysiology/medicine Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteinsphysiology/medicine Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins1995chemistry Crutzen, Paul The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layerchemistry Molina, Mario U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layerchemistry Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layereconomics Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theoryliterature Heaney, Seamus Ireland poetpeace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)peace Rotblat, Joseph (Rotblat, Sir Joseph) U.K.physics Perl, Martin Lewis U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particlephysics Reines, Frederick U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particlephysiology/medicine Lewis, Edward B. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development1996chemistry Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneschemistry Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneschemistry Smalley, Richard E. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullereneseconomics Mirrlees, James A. U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationeconomics Vickrey, William U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationliterature Szymborska, Wislawa (Szymborska, Wisława) Poland poetpeace Belo, Carlos Felipe Ximenes (Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes) Timoresepeace Ramos-Horta, José Timoresephysics Lee, David M. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physics Osheroff, Douglas D. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physics Richardson, Robert C. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3physiology/medicine Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsphysiology/medicine Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells1997chemistry Boyer, Paul D. U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphatechemistry Skou, Jens C. Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatasechemistry Walker, John E. U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphateeconomics Merton, Robert C. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativeseconomics Scholes, Myron S. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativesliterature Fo, Dario Italy playwright, actorpeace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)peace Williams, Jody U.S.physics Chu, Steven U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysics Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude France process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysics Phillips, William D. U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser coolingphysiology/medicine Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein1998chemistry Kohn, Walter U.S. development of the density-functional theorychemistry Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistryeconomics Sen, Amartya India contribution to welfare economicsliterature Saramago, José Portugal novelistpeace Hume, John Northern Irelandpeace Trimble, David Northern Irelandphysics Laughlin, Robert B. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysics Störmer, Horst L. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysics Tsui, Daniel C. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effectphysiology/medicine Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Murad, Ferid U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system1999chemistry Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopyeconomics Mundell, Robert A. Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimesliterature Grass, Günter Germany novelistpeace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)physics Hooft, Gerardus 't The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysics Veltman, Martinus J.G. The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysiology/medicine Blobel, Günter U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization2000chemistry Heeger, Alan J. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricitychemistry MacDiarmid, Alan G. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricitychemistry Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricityeconomics Heckman, James J. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behavioureconomics McFadden, Daniel L. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviourliterature Gao Xingjian France novelist, playwrightpeace Kim Dae Jung South Koreaphysics Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsphysics Kilby, Jack S. (Kilby, Jack) U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)physics Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsphysiology/medicine Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Greengard, Paul U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Kandel, Eric R. (Kandel, Eric) U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain2001–07year category name country* achievement literary area2001chemistry Knowles, William S. U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactionschemistry Noyori Ryoji (Noyori Ryōji) Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactionschemistry Sharpless, K. Barry U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactionseconomics Akerlof, George A. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric informationeconomics Spence, A. Michael U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric informationeconomics Stiglitz, Joseph E. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric informationliterature Naipaul, Sir V.S. Trinidad novelistpeace United Nations (founded 1945)peace Annan, Kofi Ghanaphysics Cornell, Eric A. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensatesphysics Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensatesphysics Wieman, Carl E. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates● physiology/● medicineHartwell, Leland H. U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle● physiology/● medicineHunt, R. Timothy U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle● physiology/● medicineNurse, Sir Paul M. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle2002chemistry Fenn, John B. U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeschemistry Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeschemistry Wüthrich, Kurt Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeseconomics Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertaintyeconomics Smith, Vernon L. U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysisliterature Kertész, Imre Hungary novelistpeace Carter, Jimmy U.S.physics Davis, Raymond, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinosphysics Giacconi, Riccardo U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-raysphysics Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos● physiology/● medicineBrenner, Sydney U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)● physiology/● medicineHorvitz, H. Robert U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)● physiology/● medicineSulston, John E. U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)2003chemistry Agre, Peter U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cellschemistry MacKinnon, Roderick U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cellseconomics Engle, Robert F. U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series dataeconomics Granger, Clive W.J. U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series dataliterature Coetzee, J.M. South Africa novelistpeace Ebadi, Shirin (Maathai, Wangari) Iranphysics Abrikosov, Alexei A. (Abrikosov, Alexey A.) U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesphysics Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesphysics Leggett, Anthony J. U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures● physiology/● medicineLauterbur, Paul U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)● physiology/● medicineMansfield, Sir Peter U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)2004chemistry Ciechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationchemistry Hershko, Avram Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationchemistry Rose, Irwin U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationeconomics Kydland, Finn E. Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomicseconomics Prescott, Edward C. U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomicsliterature Jelinek, Elfriede Austria novelist, playwrightpeace Maathai, Wangari Kenya● physiology/● medicineAxel, Richard U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system● physiology/● medicineBuck, Linda B. U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory systemphysics Gross, David J. U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionphysics Politzer, H. David U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionphysics Wilczek, Frank U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction2005chemistry Chauvin, Yves France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesischemistry Grubbs, Robert H. U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesischemistry Schrock, Richard R. U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesiseconomics Aumann, Robert J. Israel contributions to game-theory analysiseconomics Schelling, Thomas C. U.S. contributions to game-theory analysisliterature Pinter, Harold U.K. playwrightpeace ElBaradei, Mohamed Egyptpeace International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)physics Glauber, Roy J. U.S. contributions to the field of opticsphysics Hall, John L. U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopyphysics Hänsch, Theodor W. Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy● physiology/● medicineMarshall, Barry J. Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease● physiology/● medicineWarren, J. Robin Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease2006chemistry Kornberg, Roger D. U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcriptioneconomics Phelps, Edmund S. U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policyliterature Pamuk, Orhan Turkey novelistpeace Grameen Bank (founded 1976)peace Yunus, Muhammad Bangladeshphysics Mather, John C. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationphysics Smoot, George F. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationphysiology/medicine Fire, Andrew Z. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNAphysiology/medicine Mello, Craig C. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA2007chemistry Ertl, Gerhard Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaceseconomics Hurwicz, Leonid U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theoryeconomics Maskin, Eric S. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theoryeconomics Myerson, Roger B. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theoryliterature Lessing, Doris U.S. novelistpeace Gore, Al U.S.peace Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)physics Fert, Albert France discovery of giant magnetoresistancephysics Grünberg, Peter Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistancephysiology/medicine Capecchi, Mario R. U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsphysiology/medicine Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsphysiology/medicine Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells2008chemistry Chalfie, Martin U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFPchemistry Shimomura, Osamu U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFPchemistry Tsien, Roger Y. U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFPeconomics Krugman, Paul U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activityliterature Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave France novelist,essayistpeace Ahtisaari, Martti Finlandphysics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in naturephysics Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in naturephysics Nambu, Yoichiro U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physicsphysiology/medicine Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) France discovery of human immunodeficiency virusphysiology/medicine Montagnier, Luc France discovery of human immunodeficiency virusphysiology/medicine zur Hausen, Harald Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.See as table:
* * *
Universalium. 2010.