Notable Civil Engineering Projects 2

▪ Table

Notable Civil Engineering Projects (in work or completed, 2006)

Name Location Year of completion Notes

Airports Terminal area (sq m)

Beijing Capital (new Terminal 3) northeast of Beijing 904,000 2007 To be the world's largest airport terminal

Suvarnabhumi ("Golden Land") east of Bangkok 563,000 2006 Opened Sept. 28; world's largest single-terminal complex and hangar, world's tallest control tower

Barajas International (new Terminal 4) northeast of Madrid 470,000 2006 Opened Feb. 5; doubles the airport's capacity—now Europe's 2nd largest airport; main gateway to Latin America from Europe

Changi (new Terminal 3) mostly on landfill at eastern tip of Singapore 430,000 2008 New terminal in Asia's 6th busiest airport in passenger traffic

Barcelona International (El Prat) (South Terminal) southwest of Barcelona 300,000 2008 New second terminal to be located midfield

Esenboga international airport (new terminal) northeast of Ankara, Turkey 182,000 2006 Opened Oct. 13; combined international and domestic terminal; has world's largest multilevel parking lot

Cairo International (new Terminal 3) northeast of Cairo 1164,000 2008 Will have most technologically advanced airport operational systems at opening

New Doha International (phase I) near Doha, Qatar 140,000 2009 1st airport built for world's largest passenger aircraft (Airbus A380-800); being built on 11 sq mi (28 sq km) of Persian Gulf landfill

New Indianapolis Airport west of Indianapolis 116,000 2008 New midfield terminal to replace old terminal

Heathrow (new Terminal 5 complex) southwest of London 70,000 2008 Biggest construction project in the U.K. from 2002; to include world's first personal rapid transit system

Berlin-Brandenburg International Schönefeld airport, southeast of Berlin ? 2011 Schönefeld to be expanded; other Berlin airports to close in 2007, 2011, respectively

Bridges Length (main span; m)

Manifa Causeway in Persian Gulf offshore of Manifa, Saudi Arabia 41 km 2011 Includes 20 km of laterals from main causeway to drilling islands; will enable massive oilfield redevelopment

Hangzhou Bay Transoceanic near Jiaxing, China—near Cixi, China 2,600 2008 S-shaped; to be world's longest (35.6 km) transoceanic bridge/causeway

I-95 (Woodrow Wilson #2; inner span) Alexandria, Va.—Md. suburbs of D.C. 1,852¹ 2008 2 bascule spans forming wider inverted V shape for ships; outer span opened June 10, 2006

Xihoumen Zhoushan archipelago, China (linking Jintang and Cezi islands) 1,650 2008 To be world's 2nd longest suspension bridge

Sutong Nantong, China (100 km from Yangtze mouth) 1,088 2008 Cable-stayed bridge to set world records for: length of main span, height of main bridge tower, and depth of foundation piers

Stonecutters (Angchuanzhou) Tsing Yi–Sha Tin, Hong Kong 1,018 2008 To be world's longest cable-stayed bridge until 2009; links container terminals

Tacoma Narrows (#3) the Narrows of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash. 853 2007 Built over collapsed TN #1; longest U.S. suspension bridge since 1964

Second Inch'on (Incheon) near Inch'on (Incheon), S.Kor. 800 2009 To be world's 5th longest cable-stayed bridge

Chaotianmen ("Face the Sky") Chongqing, China (across the Yangtze) 552 2008 To be world's longest steel arch bridge; designed to resemble the Sydney Harbour Bridge (completed 1932)

John James Audubon New Roads–St. Francisville, La. (across the Mississippi) 483 2010 To be longest cable-stayed bridge in North America

Chenab River between Katra and Laole, Jammu and Kashmir, India 480 2007 To be world's 5th longest steel arch bridge; bridge will be 359 m above the river, making it the highest railroad bridge in the world

Margaret Hunt Hill Dallas (across the Trinity) 365 2008 Cable-stayed bridge; first of 3 bridges in Dallas to be designed by Santiago Calatrava

Shibanpo (2nd bridge at site) Chongqing, China (across the Yangtze) 336 2006 Opened Sept. 25; world's longest prestressed-concrete box girder bridge

Colorado River Ariz.–Nev. border (just south of Hoover Dam) 323 2009 Final component of Hoover Dam Bypass Project; to be world's 4th longest concrete arch bridge

Buildings Height (m)

Burj ("Tower") Dubai Dubai, U.A.E. c. 808 2008 To be world's tallest building; structure to be completed late 2007, with interior finished in 2008

Freedom Tower New York City

● "1,776 ft"

● (541 m)

2011 Construction began April 27, 2006; to be tallest building in North America

Pusan (Busan) Lotte Tower Pusan (Busan), S.Kor. 494 2008 To be world's 3rd tallest building (in 2008)

Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 492 2008 Begun 1997, resumed 2003; to be world's 4th tallest building (in 2008)

Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower Mecca, Saudi Arabia 485 2008 To be world's 5th tallest building (in 2008)

International Commerce Centre Hong Kong 484 2010 To be Hong Kong's tallest (in 2010) and have world's highest hotel

Dubai Towers Doha Doha, Qatar 445 2009 To be world's 9th tallest and Middle East's 3rd tallest (in 2009)

Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago 415 2008 To be 2nd tallest in North America (in 2008) and have world's highest residences

Ice Tower Panama City, Pan. 381 2010 To be tallest building in Latin America

Federation Tower A Moscow 354 2008 To be tallest building in Europe

Eureka Tower Melbourne 297 2006 Opened Oct. 11; Australia's 2nd tallest building and world's 2nd tallest all-residential

Dams and Floodgates Crest/embankment length (m)

St. Petersburg Flood Protection Barrier Gulf of Finland embankment, Russia (Gorskaya–Bronka via Kotlin Island) 25,400 2008 To protect city from tidal storm surges; incorporates discharge sluices and navigation channels; begun 1979, halted 1987, resumed 2004

Three Gorges (3rd of 3 phases) west of Yichang, China 2,309 2008 To create world's largest reservoir (660 km long) and to be world's largest hydroelectric complex by power capacity; flood-control service began June 6, 2006

Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) Project Narmada River, Madhya Pradesh, India 1,210 2009 Largest dam of controversial 30-dam project; drinking and irrigation water for Gujarat

Merowe (earth core rockfill) Dam on Nile, 350 km north of Khartoum, Sudan 841 2008 To contain 20% of Nile annual flow; to double The Sudan's power capacity

Bakun Hydroelectric Project Balui River, Sarawak, Malaysia 750 2008 To be largest concrete-faced rockfill dam in the world

Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project 2 glacial rivers to the northeast of Vatnajökull icecap, Iceland 730 2009 Principal dam completed Sept. 28, 2006; energy to be used by new aluminum smelter on Iceland's east coast

Xiluodu (part of Upper Yangtze Hydropower Development scheme) 184 km upriver of Yibin, China 698 2014 First of 4-dam scheme that will generate more electricity than Three Gorges

Caruachi (3rd of 4-dam Lower Caroní Development scheme) Caroní River, northern Bolívar, Venez. 360 2006? Unit of world's 3rd largest hydroelectric complex; partially operational from 2003

Tucuruí (upgrade to double capacity) Tocantins River, eastern Pará, Braz. ? 2006 Generating capacity is 4th in world as of early 2006 (8,370 MW; first Brazilian Amazon dam (1984)

Tala Hydroelectric Project Wong River, Bhutan ? 2006 Electricity for northern India was first generated in August 2006; Tala is key to Bhutan's economic growth

Nam Theun 2 Nam Theun River, central Laos ? 2009 Generated hydroelectricity to be sold to Thailand

Project Moses (flood-protection plan) lagoon openings near Venice — 2011 Rows of 79 20-m-wide submerged gates in 3 lagoon openings will rise in flood conditions; controversial plan was begun in 2003

Highways Length (km)

Golden Quadrilateral superhighway Mumbai–Chennai–Kolkata–Delhi, India 5,846 2007 Upgrade to 4 lanes; to link India's 4 largest metropolitan areas; Delhi–Mumbai completed; overall 93% completed by Nov. 1, 2006

East–West Highway Annaba–Tlemcen, Alg. 1,216 2009 To facilitate trade across North Africa

Carretera Interoceánica (Peruvian part) Iñapari–Ilo/Matarani/Marcona, Peru c. 1,100 2007 To be paved road for Brazilian imports/exports from/to Asia

Highway 1 Kabul–Kandahar–Herat, Afg. 1,048 2007 Final, 556-km Kandahar–Herat section 80% completed by Nov. 1, 2006

Egnatia Motorway Igoumenitsa–Kipoi, Greece 670 2008 First Greek highway at int'l standards; 74 tunnels, 1,650 bridges

Transylvanian Motorway Brasov–Bors, Rom. 415 2012 To link Romania and Hungary and open Transylvania to tourism

Land Reclamation Area (sq km)

The Palms ("Jumeirah, Jebel Ali, and Deira islands") in Persian Gulf, off Dubai, U.A.E. "c. 20, c. 44, and c. 94 sq km" 2007-09 Three palm-tree-shaped arrays of islands; ultraexclusive

The World in Persian Gulf, off Dubai, U.A.E. c. 56 sq km 2008 300 private artificial islands arrayed as a map of the world; in deeper water about 4 km offshore

Railways (Heavy) Length (km)

Trans-Kazakhstan Dostyq (Druzhba), Kazakhstan–Gorgan, Iran 3,930 2008 China to Europe link, bypassing Russia and Uzbekistan; 3,070 km in Kazakhstan

Benguela Railway (rehabilitation) Benguela–Luau, Angola (at DR Congo border) 1,301 2007 Service disrupted by 1975–2002 civil war; Chinese-financed rehabilitation will enable resumption of copper exports from DR Congo and Zambia

Qinghai–Tibet China: Golmud, Qinghai–Lhasa, Tibet 1,142 2006 Opened July 1; world's highest railway (5,072 m at summit); 86% above 4,000 m

Trans-Karakum Ashgabat–Dashoguz, Turkmenistan 540 2006 Opened Feb. 8; first rail line across Karakum Desert

Kashmir Railway Jammu–Baramula, Jammu and Kashmir, India 343 2011 Many bridges and tunnels in mountainous terrain; 53-km Jammu–Udhampur section opened in April 2005

Northern Railway extension Tsumeb–Ondangwa, Namibia 246 2006 Opened July 15; Angolan border is reached with additional 55-km extension

Bothnia Line (Botniabanan) Nyland–Umeå, Swed. 190 2010 Along north Swedish coast; difficult terrain with 25 km of tunnels

Railways (High Speed) Length (km)

Spanish high speed Madrid to France (via Barcelona) 719 2009 To reach Barcelona in 2007; Madrid–Lleida corridor opened Oct. 11, 2003

Eastern France high speed eastern Paris to near Strasbourg, France 406 2007 Will give Paris a high-speed link to the major centres of eastern France

Taiwan high speed Hsi-chih–Tso-ying, Taiwan 345 2007 Links Taiwan's 2 largest cities (Taipei and Kao-hsiung) along west coast; scheduled to open in January 2007

Italian high speed Turin–Naples 844 2009 Naples to Rome (205 km) completed in December 2005

HSL–Zuid The Hague/Amsterdam–Belgian border 125 2008 Enables high-speed links with Brussels, London, and Paris

Beijing–Tianjin high speed Beijing–Tianjin 115 2007 Construction began mid-2005; to be completed for 2008 Olympic Games

High Speed 1 (Channel Tunnel rail link) near Folkestone–central London 109 2007 To provide high-speed train travel from London to Paris and Brussels, with travel times rivaling those of airplane flights

Turkey high speed Ankara–Istanbul 533 2008 Connects capital with largest city; first phase (251 km) to be finished in early 2007

Gautrain Johannesburg–Pretoria 80 2010 To link the capital with the commercial centre

Subways/Metros/Light Rails Length (km)

Guangzhou Metro (including suburbs) Guangzhou (Canton), China 313.9 2010 9-line system planned; 7 lines under construction in 2006

Shanghai Metro Shanghai 147.4 . . . 18-line system planned; 4 new lines (147.4 km) are under construction in 2006; 5 other lines are at least partially completed

Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen, China (adjacent to Hong Kong) 78.1 2007–10 Under construction in 2006: lines 2 and 3; extensions to lines 1 and 4

Dubai Metro (red/green lines) Dubai, U.A.E. 69.7 2009/2010 To be world's longest fully automated driverless transport system

Delhi Metro (Phase I) Delhi 65.1 2006 Last extension of Phase I opened Nov. 11, 2006; 65.1 km of 3 lines completed in Dec. 2002–Nov. 2006

Barcelona Metro (Line 9) airport–northeast Barcelona 47.0 2011 Connections to other metro lines and future high-speed rail; construction is at great depth

Arizona Light Rail Phoenix–Tempe–Mesa 32.2 2008 To be Arizona's first light-rail system

Denver RTD (Southeast Corridor) Denver 30.6 2006 Opened Nov. 17; 4th light-rail line opened in metro area since 1994

Métro d'Alger (Line I) Algiers 16.3 ? Algiers's first metro; first 9-km section to open in 2008

Budapest Metro (Line 4) Budapest 10.5 2010 First southwest-to-northeast line

North–South Line Amsterdam 9.8 2011 Links north Amsterdam and South railway station via the central city

MetroTorino (Line I, Phase I) Turin, Italy 9.6 2007 First 7.5-km section opened on Feb. 9, 2006

Tehran Metro (Line 2, northeast extension) Tehran 8.5 2006 Most stations on northeast extension of Line 2 came into operation in 2006

Metro de Maracaibo (Line I, Stage I) Maracaibo, Venez. 6.5 2006 Opened Nov. 25, 2006

Tunnels Length (m)

Apennine Range

tunnels (9) Bologna–Florence (high-speed railway) 73,400 2008 Longest tunnel (Vaglia, 18.6 km); tunnels to cover 93% of railway

Lötschberg #2 Frutigen–Raron, Switz. 34,577 2007 Breakthrough April 28, 2005; to be world's 3rd longest rail tunnel

Guadarrama 50 km north-northwest of Madrid 28,377 2007 Breakthrough June 1, 2005; to have Valladolid high-speed link

Hsüeh-shan ("Snow Mountain") near Taipei 12,942 2006 Opened June 16, 2006; world's 4th longest road tunnel

East and West tunnels of A86 ring road western outskirts of Paris 10,000/7,500 2007 Two tunnels under Versailles and nearby protected woodlands

Eiksund Ørstan–Hareid, Nor. 7,797 2007 To be world's deepest underwater tunnel (287 m underwater)

Heartland Corridor Christiansburg, Va.–north of Williamson, W.Va. — 2009 To enlarge 28 existing railroad tunnels in the Appalachian Mountains to enable them to accept modern-size railroad cars, cutting the route from Chicago to Norfolk, Va., by some 375 km and the travel time by at least half a day

Miscellaneous Length (km)

Svalbard Global Seed Vault near Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, in the Norwegian Arctic — 2007 1,000 km south of the North Pole; capable of storing three million types of seeds in perpetuity and guarding them against disease, war, and other catastrophes

Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Pipeline Baku, Azerbaijan–Ceyhan, Turkey 1,768 2006 Formal opening ceremony in Turkey July 13, 2006; provides oil from Azerbaijan to western markets, bypassing Russia

Langeled (natural gas) pipeline Nyhamna, Nor.–Easington, Eng. 1,200 2007 To be world's longest underwater pipeline (850–1,100 m)

Nord Stream pipeline Vyborg, Russia–Greifswald, Ger. 1,198 2010 To carry natural gas under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany

● 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 km = 0.62 mi

● ¹Length of each span.

See as table:

* * *