Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund, 10th Baronet

▪ British chief justice

born Dec. 24, 1802

died Nov. 21, 1880, London, Eng.

 lord chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench from June 24, 1859, and lord chief justice of England from 1874 until his death. He was the first to be legally styled lord chief justice of England, a title used informally by lord chief justices of King's or Queen's Bench since Edward Coke's tenure (1613–16).

      Of distinguished Scottish-French ancestry, Cockburn (pronounced co′burn) was an amiable man of considerable intellectual attainments. Called to the bar in 1829, he earned a high reputation as a trial lawyer and as a reporter of cases. He served as a member of the House of Commons (1847–56), solicitor general (1850–51), attorney general (1851–56), and chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1856–59) before Prime Minister Lord Palmerston appointed him to the Queen's Bench. He inherited the baronetcy from an uncle in 1858.

      In the United States Cockburn is probably best known for his landmark definition of obscenity (Regina v. Hicklin, 1868), in which he stated the test of obscenity as, “whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall.” Cockburn's definition of obscenity became standard in Britain and in the United States as well, where it stood until rejected in 1933 by Federal Judge John Woolsey in the case involving James Joyce's Ulysses. Another of his landmark cases, McNaghten's Case (1843)—in which Cockburn successfully defended the killer of Sir Robert Peel's secretary (thought by the assassin to be the prime minister himself)—established the customary test of insanity in Anglo-American criminal proceedings: whether the defendant was so mentally disturbed that he did not know the “nature and quality” of his action or whether he was capable of realizing that what he did was wrong.

      As chief of Queen's Bench, Cockburn presided over the perjury conviction of the claimant to the Tichborne baronetcy and property (Regina v. Castro, 1873–74). In this famous trial, which lasted 188 days, 400 witnesses were heard before Cockburn delivered an 18-day charge to the jury. Previously (1871–72) he had been the British member of the international arbitration panel that decided the Alabama claims pressed by the United States against Great Britain for permitting the construction of Confederate warships by British firms during the U.S. Civil War (1861–65).

      He did not marry, and the Cockburn baronetcy became extinct upon his death.

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