transient receptor potential channel
- transient receptor potential channel
-
also called TRP channel
superfamily of
ion channels occurring in cell membranes (
cell) that are involved in various types of sensory reception (
senses),
including thermoreception,
chemoreception,
mechanoreception, and
photoreception. TRP channels were discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s on photoreceptors in fruit flies (
fruit fly) (
Drosophila). Since then, a number of TRP channels have been identified in a variety of organisms, from nematodes (
nematode) to humans, and have been grouped based on similarities in
gene sequence and
protein structure. These channels are found in the outer membranes of different types of sensory cells, and their responses to various stimuli are manifested through their functions as ion channels, regulating the flow of ions, such as
potassium,
calcium, and
sodium, into or out of cells. Ion flux can lead to cell membrane depolarization (less negative charge across the cell), which leads to an
action potential—a brief electric polarization that results in a nerve impulse and physiological sensation or perception.
The major groups of TRP channels include TRPM (melastatin), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPC (
canonical), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), and TRPA (
subfamily A). TRPM, TRPA, and TRPV channels can respond to changes in temperature, with TRPM and TRPA known to respond to cold and TRPV known to respond to warmth, noxious heat, and
pain. TRPV channels have been identified on sensory neurons (
neuron) and on epithelial cells, and TRPM channels are primarily expressed on C-fibres in peripheral nerves. TRPC channels are expressed primarily on
smooth muscle and
heart cells and appear to regulate certain responses in the central
nervous system and in the vasculature. TRPP channels are expressed on
kidney cells and on the cells of the
retina and may play a role in controlling the responses of cilia (
cilium) to fluid flow in the renal epithelium. In mice (
mouse) certain TRPC channels are
pheromone-sensitive, and in humans some TRPM channels are capable of distinguishing among tastes (
taste), including sweet,
bitter, and umami (
meaty).
Kara Rogers
Additional Reading
A work providing extensive, up-to-date information on TRP channels is Veit M. Flockerzi and Bernd Nilius (eds.),
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels (2007). Ion channels and their roles in sensory reception are discussed in Boris Martinac,
Sensing with Ion Channels (2008).
Kara Rogers * * *
Universalium.
2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
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