pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

▪ pathology

      respiratory disorder caused by the filling of large groups of alveoli with excessive amounts of surfactant, a complex mixture of protein and lipid (fat) molecules. The alveoli are air sacs, minute structures in the lungs in which the exchange of respiratory gases occurs. The gas molecules must pass through a cellular wall, the surface of which is generally covered by a thin film of surfactant material secreted from the alveolar cells. When too much surfactant is released from the alveolar cells, or when the lung fails to remove the surfactant, gas exchange is greatly hindered and the symptoms of alveolar proteinosis occur.

      The disease manifests itself in laboured breathing at rest or shortness of breath with exertion, and it is often accompanied by chest pain and a dry cough. There may also be general fatigue and weight loss. The skin becomes tinged with blue in the most serious cases, an indication that blood is not being adequately oxygenated or rid of carbon dioxide. X-rays most frequently show evidence of excess fluids in the lungs.

      The precipitating cause of the disease is unknown. Persons affected are usually between 20 and 50 years of age. The disease can exist without causing symptoms for considerable periods, and spontaneous improvement has been known to occur; it is sometimes fatal, but rarely so, if treated. Treatment involves removal of the material by a rinsing out of the lungs (lavage). One lung at a time is rinsed with a saltwater solution introduced through the windpipe. The fluids drawn back out of the lungs have been found to have a high content of fat. Sometimes the lesions totally clear up after one procedure, but subsequent treatments are often necessary.

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