Polke, Sigmar

▪ German artist

born Feb. 13, 1941, Oels, E.Ger. [now Oleśnica, Pol.]

      German artist whose complex and layered paintings played an important role in the resurgence of modern German art.

      Polke emigrated with his family from East Germany to West Germany in 1953, settling in Düsseldorf, where he studied at the Staatliche Kunstakademie from 1961 to 1967. His paintings of the 1960s, done in a style known as Capitalist Realism, both mimicked and challenged American Pop art, using recognizable imagery often derived from photography and advertising to invite a more critical social and economic analysis of American capitalism and its ramifications. Polke's use of paint to replicate the half-tone dot process of newspaper photographic reproduction gave paintings such as Bunnies (1966)—a reference to the byname of the scantily clad hostesses at Hugh Hefner's Playboy Clubs for men—a blurred and dreary quality, ironically causing the women, dressed in sexy costumes, to physically and psychologically disappear from view. Polke began to layer images one atop another, and his interest in pattern led him to use commercially prepared decorative fabrics in the construction of his canvases.

      Polke taught at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg from 1977 to 1991. In the 1980s he and other German artists—including Jörg Immendorf, Anselm Kiefer (Kiefer, Anselm), A.R. Penck, and Gerhard Richter (Richter, Gerhard)—were part of a movement known as Neo-Expressionism, which garnered great attention in the United States. While Polke's interests, including photography and experimenting with a diverse range of painting materials, have led him to eschew a signature style, some works—such as Raised Chair with Geese (1987–88), with its interwoven pictorial references (a rendering of a looming guard tower, line drawings of geese, and printed fabric with a pattern of eyeglasses, folding beach chairs, and folded beach umbrellas)—offer strange and compelling juxtapositions that are both allusive and ambiguous.

Additional Reading

John R. Lane and Charles Wylie (eds.), Sigmar Polke: History of Everything: Paintings and Drawings, 1998–2003 (2003); Gloria Moure, Sigmar Polke: Paintings, Photographs, and Films (2005).

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