Ochino, Bernardino

▪ Italian religious reformer

born 1487, Siena [Italy]

died 1564, Austerlitz, Moravia [now Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic]

      Protestant convert from Roman Catholicism who became an itinerant Reformer and influenced other radical Reformers by his controversial anti-Catholic views.

      Taking his surname from the Sienese district dell'Oca, Ochino joined the Franciscan order in the Roman Catholic church about 1504, but in 1534 he left for the stricter Capuchin order, of which he became vicar-general (1538–42). His renown as a preacher soon prompted papal regulation of his appearances.

      After being commissioned to read and refute works by Protestant Reformers, and after meeting the Spanish religious writer Juan de Valdés in Naples in 1536, Ochino was converted to Protestantism. At first he withheld his open support because he hoped that Italy would embrace the Protestant cause for reform, but in 1542, when the Roman Inquisition summoned him, he fled over the Alps to the community of John Calvin at Geneva. There he demonstrated his Protestantism by marrying, and in 1545 he was made a pastor in the German community of youthful bankers at Augsburg. Fleeing Augsburg after its fall in the Schmalkaldic War (1546–47), Ochino went to England. There he played a prominent part in the Reformation under King Edward VI, praising the reforms of Edward and Henry VIII in his Tragoedie or Dialoge of the Unjuste Usurped Primacie of the Bishop of Rome (1549).

      When the Catholic queen Mary I ascended the English throne in 1553, Ochino returned to Europe to become a pastor to Italian refugees at Zürich. He antagonized city officials, however, by strident tracts against the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory and by minimizing the differences between Calvinist and Lutheran views concerning the Lord's Supper. Attempting to avoid local censorship, he issued at Basel his Dialogi XXX (1563), in one of which he appeared to advocate polygamy. For this and for alleged anti-Trinitarian attitudes he was banished, and in December 1563 he left for Poland, where his Tragoedie was published in Polish in an edition adapted to the local situation. Polish Catholics managed to have him banished, and he died from the plague while traveling in Moravia.

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