Nixon, Pat

▪ American first lady

née  Thelma Catherine Ryan , byname  Pat  or  Patricia 

born March 16, 1912, Ely, Nevada, U.S.

died June 22, 1993, Park Ridge, New Jersey

      American first lady (1969–74), the wife of Richard Nixon (Nixon, Richard M.), 37th president of the United States, who espoused the cause of volunteerism during her husband's term.

      Nicknamed “Pat” because of her birth on the eve of St. Patrick's Day, Thelma Catherine Ryan was the daughter of William Ryan, a miner and farmer, and Katarina Halberstadt Bender Ryan, a German-born widow and mother of two boys. Soon after Pat was born the family moved to Artesia, California, where William attempted to eke out a living at truck farming. The family's economic situation worsened following her mother's death, from cancer, in 1926; her father died of lung disease in 1930.

      An orphan at 18, Pat worked at a bank to put herself through a year at Fullerton Junior College. In 1932 she was paid to drive an elderly couple from California to New York City, where she lived for two years, working as a secretary and as a hospital X-ray technician. Returning to California, she supplemented her savings with a variety of jobs and enrolled as a merchandising major at the University of Southern California, where she earned a degree with honours in 1937.

      She taught business courses at Whittier High School, where she joined an amateur theatre group and met a fellow thespian, lawyer Richard Nixon. The couple married on June 21, 1940, at the Mission Inn in Riverside, California. While her husband served in the U.S. Navy (1942–46), she worked at a bank and later at the Office of Price Administration in San Francisco.

      In 1946 Pat participated in her husband's successful run for Congress by doing research on his opponent and writing and distributing campaign literature. After the birth of their two daughters, Tricia in 1946 and Julie in 1948, she tried to separate the family's political and personal lives and preserve some privacy for her children.

      Pat's attitude toward politics changed in the 1952 election, when her husband, the vice presidential nominee on the Republican ticket, was forced to defend himself from charges that he had kept a secret slush fund for campaign expenses. In his nationally televised “Checkers” speech, Richard bared the family finances and spoke admiringly of Pat, noting that she did not own a fur coat but only a “respectable Republican cloth coat.” Although the speech caused an outpouring of support for Richard and turned Pat's name into a household word, it soured her on politics.

 Extremely active as the vice president's wife (1953–61), Pat made many official appearances at luncheons and charity events, but it was her international travel with her husband that gained her the most attention. She accompanied him to 53 countries around the world. Media coverage of their visit to Caracas, Venezuela, where the vice president's motorcade was attacked by hostile crowds, increased respect for the Nixons' courage.

      Richard's unsuccessful run for the presidency in 1960 led to their temporary retirement in California, and Pat seemed glad to leave politics behind. His failure to win the governorship of California in 1962 increased her distaste for politics. In 1963 the Nixons moved to New York City, and she settled into private life as the wife of a lawyer.

      When her husband was elected president in 1968, Pat Nixon took up the cause of volunteerism, urging people to donate their time and services to hospitals, schools, day care centres, and nursing homes. She also opened the White House to groups not formerly welcomed or easily accommodated, including the deaf and the visually impaired, people who did not speak English, the physically handicapped, and those who had work schedules that permitted only evening visits.

      As first lady she traveled thousands of miles, speaking to school groups and representing her husband on visits to Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, and Liberia in 1972 and Venezuela and Brazil in 1974. Stoic and tireless, she once remarked, “I do or I die but I never cancel out.”

      Although she received far less publicity for her efforts, Pat received more donations of valuable furniture and artwork for the White House than had Jacqueline Kennedy (Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy). With the assistance of Clement Conger, who had overseen a similar project at the State Department, she directed the refurbishing of several state rooms in the White House. She also encouraged loans of prized paintings so that the hundreds of thousands of Americans who visited the White House could appreciate them.

      Richard Nixon was forced to resign as president for his involvement in the Watergate (Watergate Scandal) affair, and on August 9, 1974, the Nixons retired, first to California and then to New Jersey. She died of lung cancer in 1993 at her New Jersey home and was buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

A short but substantially complete summary of Pat Nixon's life is Carl Sferrazza Anthony, “Patricia (Thelma Catherine Ryan) Nixon,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 520–535. A longer treatment is Lester David, The Lonely Lady of San Clemente: The Story of Pat Nixon (1978). Her daughter's perspective is given in Julie Nixon Eisenhower, Pat Nixon: The Untold Story (1986).

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