Lucknow Pact

▪ 1916, India

      (December 1916), agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Tilak, Bal Gangadhar) and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Jinnah, Mohammed Ali); it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities.

      On the former count, the proposals were an advance on Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Gokhale, Gopal Krishna)'s “political testament.” Four-fifths of the provincial and central legislatures were to be elected on a broad franchise, and half the executive council members, including those of the central executive council, were to be Indians elected by the councils themselves. Except for the provision for the central executive, these proposals were largely embodied in the Government of India Act (Government of India Acts) of 1919. The Congress also agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in provincial council elections and for weightage in their favour (beyond the proportions indicated by population) in all provinces except the Punjab and Bengal, where they gave some ground to the Hindu and Sikh minorities. This pact paved the way for Hindu-Muslim cooperation in the Khilafat movement and Mohandas Gandhi (Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand)'s Noncooperation Movement from 1920.

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