Kolbe, Hermann

▪ German chemist

in full  Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe 

born Sept. 27, 1818, Elliehausen, near Göttingen, Hanover [Ger.]

died Nov. 25, 1884, Leipzig, Ger.

 German chemist who accomplished the first generally accepted synthesis of an organic compound from inorganic materials.

      Kolbe studied chemistry with Friedrich Wöhler (Wöhler, Friedrich) at the University of Göttingen and earned his doctorate in 1843 with Robert Bunsen (Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm) at the University of Marburg (Hesse). After serving as Bunsen's assistant, Kolbe accepted in 1845 a postdoctoral position in London as assistant to Lyon Playfair, a chemist and a member of the British Parliament. Two years later, Kolbe began working as a scientific editor and writer with the Vieweg publishing house in Braunschweig. In 1851 he finally won a professorship, becoming Bunsen's successor at Marburg. The circumstances were very unusual, in that he was appointed a full professor without ever having formally qualified for university teaching. But he was highly successful there, both in teaching and research. After 14 years in Marburg, Kolbe accepted a post at the University of Leipzig, where a palatial new laboratory institute was built for him. He remained at Leipzig for the rest of his life.

      Kolbe was a leader in the field of organic chemistry just when that field was entering a period of explosive growth. As early as 1844–45, he published a method for the synthesis of acetic acid, the first example of a total synthesis of an important organic compound; in the final paper of this series he used the word synthesis for the first time in a chemical context. Over the next decade or two, numerous organic substances were synthesized, and Kolbe played a major role in this history.

      Even more significant for the long term, Kolbe attempted to understand the inner nature of the substances he was manipulating. Powerfully influenced by such chemists as Wöhler, Bunsen, Justus Liebig (Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von), and Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Berzelius, Jöns Jacob), Kolbe further developed the theories of molecular composition that had been devised by these chemists. Most chemists of the 1840s adhered to theories of organic radicals, according to which organic molecules were thought to be constructed of—and therefore resolvable into—subcomponent parts (“radicals”) that could also exist independently. Kolbe's investigations of these radicals gradually provided the means to discern the detailed constitution of organic substances. For example, he explored electrolysis of organic acids that produced new hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon), and together with his English friend Edward Frankland (Frankland, Sir Edward) he devised a reaction that extended the size of the same acids (by means of nitrile formation followed by hydrolysis).

      Efforts like these culminated in the development of the theory of chemical structure, by German chemist August Kekulé (Kekule von Stradonitz, August) and others, which emerged just before 1860. Unfortunately, Kolbe categorically rejected the molecular structural diagrams drawn by Kekulé, with his valence bonds between atoms and his carbon chains. Kolbe regarded the classical theory of radicals, which conceived of groups of atoms held together by presumed electrostatic forces, as perfectly sufficient to depict even the most complex organic molecules, and he thought the new structural formulas were excessively speculative. However, virtually all chemists of Kolbe's age or younger disagreed with him, and the structure theory became well established by about 1870.

      When Kekulé's former student Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff (Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't) extended structural formulas into three dimensions in order to create the new specialty field of stereochemistry (1874), Kolbe exploded with anger. As chief editor of a leading journal—the Journal für praktische Chemie—he often published scathing editorials, and in 1877 he viciously excoriated the young and still unknown van't Hoff. He had also been waging an increasingly unpopular battle against the development of Kekulé's theory of aromatic compounds (that is, compounds based on the benzene molecule). Unfortunately for Kolbe, stereochemistry, aromatic chemistry, and structural chemistry in general became ever more scientifically useful and more fully accepted; accordingly, by the end of his life Kolbe had generally come to be viewed as an unpleasant crank.

      Kolbe gave battle with younger structural chemists not because of ambition, vanity, or spite, but rather because he was committed to high standards of evidence and argument in science, which he thought were being systematically violated by his opponents. Chemistry is a subtle science, requiring sophisticated chains of inference in order to make reliable conclusions about the invisibly small details of molecular architecture. Kolbe was a master at such distant inference; he regarded the methodological style of his opponents as both naive and foolhardy. He never hesitated to defend his science from what he viewed as error. Unfortunately for him, his targets of scorn were among the finest younger chemists of his day.

      During the course of his career, Kolbe had close to 2,000 students in his laboratory classes and dozens of postdoctoral or guest workers. Although he dealt harshly in print with those with whom he disagreed, his students were devoted to him. He was one of the finest experimentalists of the 19th century, a true master of the chemical laboratory. He was also, despite his extreme and old-fashioned views, one of the most important theorists during the classical period in the history of organic chemistry.

Alan J. Rocke

Additional Reading

Alan J. Rocke, The Quiet Revolution: Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry (1993), is a modern full-scale biography. A reliable brief biography is Henry Leicester, “Hermann Kolbe,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 7 (1973).

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