Garfield, Lucretia

▪ American first lady

née  Lucretia Rudolph 

born April 19, 1832, Hiram, Ohio, U.S.

died March 13, 1918, Pasadena, California

 American first lady (March 4–September 19, 1881), the wife of James A. Garfield (Garfield, James A.), 20th president of the United States. Although first lady for only a few months, she was one of the most interesting women to have held that job, and some of her early achievements and choices presage those of her 20th-century successors.

      The daughter of Zebulon Rudolph, a prosperous carpenter-farmer, and Arabella Mason Rudolph, Lucretia Rudolph was the eldest of four children. She profited from her parents' emphasis on education, attending a private academy near her home and then enrolling at Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio, in 1850, where she was an outstanding student and impressive public speaker.

      At the institute, Lucretia was courted by fellow student James Garfield, who once admitted that she delivered better speeches than he did. Their very different personalities—she was reserved and stiff while he was impetuous and outgoing—rendered their courtship long and difficult. He confided in his diary that he admired her abilities but found her dull, and her letters to him suggest that she feared losing her independence if she married him. But they finally wed on November 11, 1858, at her family's home in Hiram, where James served as president of Hiram College (1857–61). Trained as an educator, Lucretia continued to teach until the birth of a daughter in 1860. Because James also served in the state legislature (1859–61) and in the Union army (1861–63), the family spent little time together.

      Although Lucretia had held strong views on women's rights and her own independence, she tempered her positions as her husband's political career advanced, and she did not publicly disagree with him on any issue. After James was elected to Congress in 1862, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where Lucretia gave birth to six more children, five of whom survived to adulthood. (Their first child died in 1863.)

      When she became first lady in 1881, Lucretia applied the same thoughtful, intellectual approach that had served her earlier as a student and teacher. She carefully researched the history of the White House and her predecessors, but she also steered an independent course, refusing to continue the White House ban on alcoholic beverages, as proponents of prohibition had desired. She also notably declined to endorse the woman suffrage movement.

      In May 1881, before Lucretia could make any substantive changes as first lady, she became ill with malaria and went to Long Branch, New Jersey, to recuperate. On July 2 word reached her that her husband had been shot by a disappointed office seeker at the Washington train station. She returned to Washington to nurse him through the final weeks of his life. After his death on September 19, Americans reacted with sympathy to the plight of the president's widow and her five children, and nearly $360,000 in contributions was raised for the family.

      In the remaining decades of her life, Lucretia dedicated herself to her children and to preserving her husband's memory. She died in 1918 while on a visit to Pasadena, California, and was buried beside her husband at the Garfield Monument in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

A brief biography of Lucretia Garfield is Allan Peskin, “Lucretia (Rudolph) Garfield,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 230–242. Further information can be found in Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown, The Garfield Orbit (1978); and Allan Peskin, Garfield (1978).

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