Berg, Alban

▪ Austrian composer

in full  Alban Maria Johannes Berg 

born Feb. 9, 1885, Vienna, Austria

died Dec. 24, 1935, Vienna

 Austrian composer who wrote atonal (atonality) and 12-tone (12-tone music) compositions that remained true to late 19th-century Romanticism. He composed orchestral music (including Five Orchestral Songs, 1912), chamber music, songs, and two groundbreaking operas, Wozzeck (1925) and Lulu (1937).

      Apart from a few short musical trips abroad and annual summer sojourns in the Austrian Alps, Berg's life was spent in the city of his birth. At first, the romantically inclined youth leaned toward a literary career. But, as in most Viennese middle-class homes, music was regularly played in his parents' house, in keeping with the general musical atmosphere of the city. Encouraged by his father and older brother, Alban Berg began to compose music without benefit of formal instruction. During this period his output consisted of more than 100 songs and piano duets, most of which remain unpublished.

      In September 1904 he met Arnold Schoenberg (Schoenberg, Arnold), an event that decisively influenced his life. The death of Berg's father in 1900 had left little money for composition lessons, but Schoenberg was quick to recognize Berg's talent and accepted the young man as a nonpaying pupil. The musical precepts and the human example provided by Schoenberg shaped Berg's artistic personality as they worked together for the next six years.

      In the circle of Schoenberg's students, Berg presented his first public performance in the fall of 1907: Piano Sonata (published 1908). This was followed by Four Songs (1909) and String Quartet (1910), each strongly influenced by the young composer's musical gods, Gustav Mahler (Mahler, Gustav) and Richard Wagner (Wagner, Richard).

      Having come into a small inheritance, Berg married Helene Nahowski, daughter of a high-ranking Austrian officer, in 1911. The Bergs took an apartment in Vienna, where he settled down to devote the remainder of his life to music, although they participated freely in the intellectual life of the city. Among their closest friends were Adolf Loos (Loos, Adolf), one of the pioneers of modern architecture, and the painter Oskar Kokoschka (Kokoschka, Oskar).

      A characteristic of Berg's creative activity was the slow, often hesitant, manner in which he gave final form to the musical ideas that, for the most part, were the result of sudden inspiration. This fastidious, perfectionist manner of composing explains his relatively small number of works. In 1912 Berg finished his first work since his student days with Schoenberg, Five Orchestral Songs. The inspiration for this composition came from postcard messages addressed to both his friends and his foes by the eccentric Viennese poet Peter Altenberg. These sometimes erotic postcard texts were sufficiently nonconformist to prompt Berg to use them as background for even-less traditional music than he had composed in the past. But when two of these songs were presented at a concert of the Academic Society for Literature and Music in March 1913, they provoked a near riot, in which performers and audience freely participated.

      The genesis of Berg's first work for the stage was a memorable theatrical experience: the performance of German dramatist Georg Büchner (Büchner, Georg)'s (1813–37) Woyzeck (published 1879), a drama built around a poor working man who murders his faithless sweetheart and then commits suicide while their child, unable to comprehend the tragedy, plays nearby. The theme fascinated Berg. But his work on the opera—which, varying the spelling, he would call Wozzeck—was delayed by World War I. During the course of the war, Berg (always in frail health) worked in the War Ministry. When he did begin composition, he was confronted by the gigantic task of compressing 25 scenes into three acts. Although he managed to write the libretto in 1917, he did not begin composing the score until the war was over. He completed the opera in 1921 and dedicated it to Alma Mahler, the widow of Gustav Mahler, the composer and conductor who had dominated Vienna's musical life during Berg's youth.

      Wozzeck—perhaps the most frequently performed theatrical work in the atonal idiom—represents Berg's first attempt to deal with social problems within the framework of opera. From numerous statements he made, it is evident that he intended the opera to portray far more than the tragic fate of the protagonist. He wanted, in fact, to make it symbolic of human existence. Musically, its unity stems from large overall symmetries within which are set traditional forms (such as the passacaglia and sonata), excerpts in popular music style, dense chromaticism (use of notes not belonging to the composition's key), extreme atonality, and passing approaches to traditional tonality, all of which function to create a work of notable psychological and dramatic impact. Although it antedates Schoenberg's early 12-tone compositions, the opera also includes a theme using the 12 notes of the chromatic scale.

      After 137 rehearsals, Wozzeck was presented in its entirety for the first time on Dec. 14, 1925, at the Berlin State Opera, with Erich Kleiber conducting. Critical response was unrestrained. Typical of the prevailing attitude was the reaction of a reviewer in the Deutsche Zeitung:

As I was leaving the State Opera I had the sensation of having been not in a public theatre but in an insane asylum.… I regard Alban Berg as a musical swindler and a musician dangerous to the community.

      But another critic described the music as “drawn from Wozzeck's poor, worried, inarticulate, chaotic soul. It is a vision in sound.”

      Upon completion of Wozzeck, Berg, who had also become an outstanding teacher of composition, turned his attention to chamber music. His Chamber Concerto for violin, piano, and 13 wind instruments was written in 1925, in honour of Schoenberg's 50th birthday.

      Berg searched for a new opera text. He found it in two plays by the German dramatist Frank Wedekind (Wedekind, Frank) (1864–1918). From Erdgeist (1895; “Earth Spirit”) and Büchse der Pandora (1904; “Pandora's Box”), he extracted the central figure for his opera Lulu. This work engaged him, with minor interruptions, for the next seven years, and the orchestration of its third act remained incomplete at his death (it was completed by the Austrian composer Friedrich Cerha and given its premiere in Paris in 1979). Musically complex and highly expressionistic in idiom, Lulu was composed entirely in the 12-tone system.

      With the seizure of power by the Nazis in Germany in 1933, Berg lost most of his income. Although, unlike their teacher Schoenberg, Berg and his friend and colleague Anton Webern (Webern, Anton) were of non-Jewish descent, they, with Schoenberg, were regarded as representatives of “degenerate art” and were increasingly excluded from performances in Germany. The meagre response that Berg's works evoked in Austria caused him particular anguish; abroad, however, he was considered more and more as the representative Austrian composer, and his works were performed at leading musical festivals.

      Berg's last complete work, the Violin Concerto, originated under unusual circumstances. In 1935 the American violinist Louis Krasner commissioned Berg to compose a violin concerto for him. As usual, Berg procrastinated at first. But after the death of Manon, the beautiful 18-year-old daughter of Alma Mahler (by then the wife of the architect Walter Gropius), Berg was moved to compose the work as a kind of requiem and to dedicate it to the “memory of an angel”—Manon. Having found his inspiration, Berg worked at fever pitch in the seclusion of his villa in the Austrian province of Carinthia and completed the concerto in six weeks. By the time the work was finally presented by Krasner in Barcelona in April 1936, it had become a requiem not only for Manon Gropius but for Berg as well. One of the major violin concerti of the 20th century, it is a work of highly personal, emotional content achieved through the use of 12-tone and other resources—symbolic as well as musical.

      In mid-November 1935 he returned, a sick man, to Vienna. Although his mind was completely absorbed in his desire to finish the opera Lulu, he had to be hospitalized in December with septicemia and, after a deceptive initial improvement, he died suddenly.

      A man of strikingly attractive appearance and reserved, aristocratic bearing, Berg had also a generous personality that found expression in his correspondence and among his friends. He was an outstanding teacher of composition who encouraged his pupils to undertake significant work of their own. Few honours were accorded Berg in his lifetime; however, within a few years after his death he had become widely recognized as a composer who broke with tradition and mastered a radical technique and yet blended old and new to create, with Schoenberg and Webern, what became known as the 20th-century (or Second) Viennese school.

      Berg's powerful and complex works draw from a broad range of musical resources but are chiefly shaped by a few central techniques: the use of a complex chromatic expressionism, which nearly obscures, yet actually remains within, the framework of traditional tonality; the recasting of classical musical forms with atonal content—i.e., abandoning traditional tonal structure dependent upon a centrally important tone; and a deft handling of the 12-tone approach developed by Schoenberg as a method of structuring atonal music. Berg dealt with the new medium so skillfully that the classical heritage of his compositions is not obliterated, thus justifying the term frequently applied to him: the “classicist of modern music.”

Willi Reich

Additional Reading

Hans F. Redlich, Alban Berg: The Man and His Music (1957), is especially noteworthy for its prodigious use of examples in presenting a basic analysis of the music. Willi Reich, The Life and Work of Alban Berg (1965, reprinted 1981), is an authoritative text. Mosco Carner, Alban Berg: The Man and the Work, 2nd rev. ed. (1983), utilizes the Berg–Schoenberg correspondence. A basic biography of Berg can be found in Karen Monson, Alban Berg (1979). David Gable and Robert P. Morgan (eds.), Alban Berg: Historical and Analytical Perspectives (1990), incorporates important research on the history of Lulu; and Dave Headlam, The Music of Alban Berg (1996), analyzes and critiques Berg's music. Bryan R. Simms, Alban Berg: A Guide to Research (1996), is a bibliographic resource manual. Anthony Pople (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Berg (1997), contains a collection of scholarly essays on Berg's life and music.

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