Bashīr Shihāb II

▪ ruler of Lebanon

born 1767, Ghazīr, Lebanon

died 1850, Istanbul, Tur.

      Lebanese prince who established hegemony over Lebanon in the first half of the 19th century and ruled it under Ottoman and, later, Egyptian suzerainty from 1788 to 1840.

      Although born into the princely Shihāb family, Bashīr grew up in poverty but married into great wealth. In 1788 the Lebanese emir was forced to abdicate, and the local nobility selected Bashīr to fill the post. As emir, Bashīr had to raise tribute for Aḥmad al-Jazzār, an official nominated by the Ottoman sultan to administer the district of Lebanon. After the death of al-Jazzār (1804), the financial demands were much less severe, and Bashīr was able to consolidate his position. With the notable exception of the Jānbulāṭs, he destroyed the power of the Druze princes, on whose support Lebanese emirs had usually depended.

      In 1821 Bashīr provided military support to the pasha of Acre, who tried to draw the city of Damascus under his authority. But the Ottoman sultan declared the pasha a rebel, and Bashīr fled to Egypt. Later, after the pasha was pardoned, Bashīr returned to Lebanon, where, in his absence, Jānbulāṭ had plotted against him. By having Jānbulāṭ killed, Bashīr became the undisputed ruler of Lebanon.

      When Muḥammad ʿAlī occupied the Fertile Crescent (exclusive of Iraq) in the 1830s, Bashīr cooperated fully with the new regime in establishing order. In 1837 he armed 4,000 Christians to put down a rebellion that the Druzes had begun when threatened with conscription (hitherto Lebanese rulers had avoided direct clashes between the two groups). Two years later Bashīr tried to disarm the same Christians whom he had previously armed, clearly as a prelude to their conscription. The Christians were determined to resist, even if it meant cooperating with the Druzes. A Druze and Christian rebellion against Bashīr broke out in June 1840, supported by the British, who were intent on driving Muḥammad ʿAlī out of the Fertile Crescent. Bashīr could not reassert his authority, and in October he was forced into exile in Malta.

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