Livingstone, Ken

▪ 2001

      Constitutional history was made on May 4, 2000, when Londoners voted for British politician Ken Livingstone to be their mayor—it was the first time that a direct election had been held to fill any executive post in the U.K. Previously, all positions, from council leader to prime minister, had been filled indirectly, usually by the leader of the party with the greatest number of elected representatives. The other unusual feature of Livingstone's election was that he won as an independent—a rare achievement in a country in which politicians without a party base usually sank without a trace.

      Kenneth Livingstone was born on June 17, 1945, in Lambeth, an inner London borough. He left school at 17 and started work as a laboratory technician. By his early 20s he was an active Labour Party member. He was elected to the Lambeth Borough Council in 1971 and to the Greater London Council (GLC) in 1973. Between 1977 and 1981, when the GLC was run by members of the Conservative Party, Livingstone led a left-wing faction within Labour's group in the GLC. In the GLC elections of May 1981, Labour won a majority. Livingstone immediately challenged the party's moderate GLC leader, Andrew McIntosh, who had led the party to victory. Backed by a majority of Labour GLC councillors, Livingstone took over the running of the council.

      Margaret Thatcher, then the U.K.'s Conservative prime minister, was appalled by the left-wing domination of a number of cities, including London. She took action when Livingstone, popularly dubbed “Red Ken,” sought to intervene in national controversies (for example, by inviting to London leading members of Sinn Fein, the Irish Republican Army's political wing). Thatcher abolished the big metropolitan councils, including the GLC. She achieved her goal in 1986 but at the price of turning Livingstone from “the most odious man in Britain,” as one newspaper described him in 1981, into a political martyr.

      Livingstone entered the House of Commons in 1987 as the Labour MP for the northwest London seat of Brent East, but he was shunned by successive Labour leaders because of his left-wing views. His chance to reclaim real power came after 1997, when the incoming Labour government redeemed its pledge to restore a citywide authority to London. This time the government decided to establish a directly elected mayor. Although Livingstone was the preferred choice of 60% of Labour Party members in London, he lost the mayoral primary contest to Frank Dobson, who enjoyed the backing of most London Labour MPs and trade union officials who, together, commanded two-thirds of the party's electoral college. Condemning the result as a fix, Livingstone left the party, stood as an independent, and won a convincing victory. He gained support from voters across the political spectrum by describing himself as a “London nationalist,” rather than a left-wing socialist, and by promising to work closely with his political rivals and with London's business community—a promise he kept during his early months in office.

Peter Kellner

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▪ British politician

in full  Kenneth Robert Livingstone 

born June 17, 1945, Lambeth, London, Eng.

 

 British politician, who made constitutional history on May 4, 2000, when he was elected mayor of London—the first time that British voters had directly elected a candidate to an executive office at any level of government. He served as mayor until May 2008.

      Livingstone was born in Lambeth, an inner London borough. He left school at age 17 and started work as a laboratory technician. By his early 20s he was an active Labour Party member. He was elected to the Lambeth Borough Council in 1971 and to the Greater London Council (GLC) in 1973. Between 1977 and 1981, when the GLC was run by members of the Conservative Party, Livingstone led a left-wing faction within Labour's group in the GLC. In the GLC elections of May 1981, Labour won a majority. Livingstone immediately challenged the party's moderate GLC leader, Andrew McIntosh, who had led the party to victory. Backed by a majority of Labour GLC councillors, Livingstone took over the running of the council.

      Margaret Thatcher (Thatcher, Margaret), then Britain's Conservative prime minister, was appalled by the left-wing domination of a number of cities, including London. She took action when Livingstone, popularly dubbed “Red Ken,” sought to intervene in national controversies (for example, by inviting to London leading members of Sinn Féin, the Irish Republican Army's political wing). Thatcher abolished the big metropolitan councils, including the GLC. She achieved her goal in 1986 but at the price of turning Livingstone into a political martyr.

 Livingstone entered the House of Commons in 1987 as the Labour MP for the northwest London seat of Brent East, but he was shunned by successive Labour leaders because of his left-wing views. His chance to reclaim real power came after 1997, when the incoming Labour government redeemed its pledge to restore a citywide authority to London. This time the government decided to establish a directly elected mayor. Although Livingstone was the preferred choice of 60 percent of Labour Party members in London, he lost the mayoral primary contest to Frank Dobson, who enjoyed the backing of most London Labour MPs and trade union officials who, together, commanded two-thirds of the party's electoral college. Condemning the result as a fix, Livingstone left the party, stood as an independent, and won a convincing victory. He gained support from voters across the political spectrum by describing himself as a “London nationalist,” rather than a left-wing socialist, and by promising to work closely with his political rivals and with London's business community.

      The highlight of Livingstone's first term was a controversial fee-based traffic management plan that was designed to reduce congestion in central London. While critics decried the scheme as simply another tax, an increase in commercial traffic and a booming city economy earned Livingstone praise from business groups. He was readmitted to the Labour Party in 2004 and was reelected mayor later that year. Even his detractors applauded his leadership in both the successful campaign to secure the 2012 Olympic Games for London and his response to the July 7, 2005, terrorist attacks on the city's transit system. In 2006 Livingstone was suspended for a month after comparing a reporter to a concentration camp guard; he later successfully appealed the decision to the High Court. In the 2008 elections he was defeated in his bid for a third term as mayor by Boris Johnson (Johnson, Boris) of the Conservative Party.

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