Okhotsk, Sea of

Arm of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

Bounded by the Siberian coast, the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands, Hokkaido, and Sakhalin Island, it covers 611,000 sq mi (1,580,000 sq km). It connects the ports of the Russian Far East. Ice floes impede navigation in winter, and dense fog is a hindrance during the summer.

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▪ sea, Pacific Ocean

Introduction

Russian  Okhotskoye More,  or  Ochotskoje More,  

 northwestern arm of the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the west and north by the east coast of Asia from Cape Lazarev to the mouth of the Penzhina River, on the east and southeast by the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands, on the south by the northern coast of the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and on the southwest by Sakhalin Island. Except for the small area touching Hokkaido, the sea is completely enclosed by Russian territory. Its area covers 611,000 square miles (1,583,000 square km), and it has a mean depth of about 2,818 feet (859 metres). The sea's maximum depth is 11,063 feet (3,372 metres).

Physical features

Physiography

      For the most part, the continental shores are high and rocky, dissected by large rivers—the Amur, Tugur, Uda, Okhota, Gizhiga, and Penzhina. In comparison, the shores of Hokkaido and Sakhalin islands are lower. The Gulfs of Aniva and Terpeniya are found on the southeastern coast of Sakhalin. Nearly all of the other main islands—Shantar, Zavyalov, Spafaryev, Yam, and Tyuleny—are situated close to the shore; only Ion Island is in the open sea.

      The Sea of Okhotsk formed within the past two million years through the combined action of repeated glaciation. The seabed generally slopes from north to south, with a continental shelf along the northern and western margins to a depth of 650 feet (200 metres)., A continental slope in the remaining area (about 70 percent of the total) deepens to the south and east to roughly 5,000 feet (1,500 metres). The deepest location is in the Kuril Basin (west of the Kuril Islands) at about 8,200 feet (2,500 metres).

      Large quantities of continental sediment flow into the sea, primarily from the Amur River. Other sources of sediment include coastal abrasion and volcanic activity. Bottom deposits in the Kuril Basin consist of a clay-diatom silt, whereas approaching the shore there are fine, silt-covered sands, coarse sands, and pebbles mixed together with mussel shells.

Climate

      The Sea of Okhotsk is the coldest sea of East Asia; in winter the climate and thermal regime over much of the region differ only slightly from those found in the Arctic. The northeastern, northern, and western regions of the sea experience severe weather during the winter, because of the influence of the Asian continent; from October through April these areas experience very cold air temperatures, are constantly covered with ice, and have very little precipitation. In short, a continental climate pervades these parts of the sea. To the south and southeast the proximity of the Pacific results in a milder marine climate. The coldest months in the sea are January and February; the warmest are July and August. In the northeastern part the average monthly air temperature during February is −4 °F (−20 °C), while in August the average is 54 °F (12 °C). To the north and west of the sea, average monthly air temperature is −11 °F (−24 °C) in February and 57 °F (14 °C) in August. In the southern and southeastern parts, the average monthly air temperature is 19 °F (−7 °C) in February and 64 °F (18 °C) in August. The yearly precipitation averages 16 inches (400 mm) in the north, 28 inches (710 mm) in the west, and about 41 inches (1,040 mm) in the south and southeast.

Hydrology

      The water of the Sea of Okhotsk consists of continental drainage, precipitation, and waters flowing from the Pacific Ocean through the straits of the Kuril Islands and from the Sea of Japan (East Sea) through the La Perouse (Sōya) Strait. During the summer months the sea is warmed to a depth of 100 to 165 feet (30 to 50 metres). The water temperature on the surface rises to 46–54 °F (8–12 °C), and the salinity drops to 32.5 parts per thousand and lower. Deeper water has an average temperature of 29 to 30 °F (−1.8 to −1 °C) and salinity of up to 34 parts per thousand. The thickness of the cold-water layer fluctuates from a few feet in the southeastern part of the sea to 245 to 525 feet (75 to 160 metres) in the northwest.

      The general movement of water in the sea is counterclockwise. Water flows from the Sea of Japan into the Sea of Okhotsk, accounting for the comparative warmth of its southwestern part. Warm water is also carried into the sea by Pacific currents (ocean current). Because of the influence of these currents, the waters of the eastern half of the sea are warmer than those of the western part. For the most part, the currents flow clockwise around the Kuril Islands; in the northern half of the straits they flow into the sea, but in the southern half they return into the Pacific. Penzhin Bay has the strongest tides (42.3 feet [12.9 metres]), while the weakest tides occur at southeastern Sakhalin (2.6 feet [0.8 metre]). Ice cover appears at the end of October and reaches its greatest extent in March. In the coastal areas it extends to the shore, but in the open sea there is floating ice. The ice vanishes in June, with the exception of the Sakhalin gulfs and the region around Shantar Island, where ice floes are not at all uncommon in July and sometimes they occur even in August.

Economic aspects

Biological and mineral resources

      The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the most biologically productive of the world's seas. The river drainage, the intense intermingling of waters by straits and wind, and the upwelling of deep, nutrient-laden ocean waters are all favourable to marine life. In those months when it is warm enough, there occurs an extraordinarily rapid spread of life. The flora is represented by algae and seaweed and the fauna by crayfish, sea mussels, crabs, sea urchins, polyps, and various types of fish. Salmon, herring, pollack, flounder, cod, capelin, and smelts (or frostfish), as well as crab and shrimp, are all commercially important (commercial fishing). The sea is also inhabited by marine mammals—whales, seals, and sea lions.

      Almost the entire sea fell under the supervision of the Soviet Union in 1977 when a 200-mile exclusive economic zone was established. This produced favourable conditions for the development of fisheries and for mineral exploitation. The sea now supplies a large portion of the catches in eastern Russia. Also, deposits of oil and natural gas have been discovered on the sea's northern shelf.

Navigation

      Regular navigation connecting the ports of eastern Russia is conducted through the sea. On the continental coast the most important of these ports are Magadan in Nagayeva Bay and Okhotsk. Korsakov on Sakhalin Island and Severo-Kurilsk and Yuzhno-Kurilsk on the Kuril Islands are also important. Ice floes are an impediment to sea navigation during the winter, and dense fog is a hindrance during the summer. Strong currents and submerged rocks are other perils of the area. The Sea of Okhotsk region plays an important role in the economic development of eastern Russia.

Study and exploration (European exploration)

      The Sea of Okhotsk was the first Pacific body of water in which Russian explorers ventured. In 1787 the French navigator Jean-François de Galaup, Count de La Pérouse, sailed northward through the strait named for him and crossed the sea to the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Russian explorer Adam Johann Krusenstern also sailed through the sea to the peninsula in the early 19th century. The expedition of the Soviet research vessel Vityaz in 1949 marked the beginning of the modern stage of oceanographic research in the sea. Continuing studies have been carried out by Russian scientists.

Tatyana Yosifovna Supranovich Arkady Vladimirovich Alekseev Konstantin Trifonovich Bogdanov

Additional Reading

Materials on the Sea of Okhotsk are published primarily in Russian, although English-language articles can be found in Oceanus.Arkady Vladimirovich Alekseev Konstantin Trifonovich Bogdanov

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