Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

Either of two dynasties of Hindu India.

The Pratiharas were the most important dynasty of 9th-century northern India. The line of Haricandra ruled in Mandor, Marwar (present-day Jodhpur, Rajasthan state), in the 6th–9th centuries, generally with feudatory status. The line of Nagabhata ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj in the 8th–11th centuries. This line is generally considered the more important one; at its peak of prosperity and power (с 836–910), it rivaled the Gupta dynasty in the extent of its territory. The last important Pratihara king was driven from Kannauj by Mahmūd of Ghazna (1018). Other Gurjara lines existed, but they did not take the surname Pratihara.

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▪ Indian history

      either of two dynasties of medieval Hindu India. The line of Harichandra ruled in Mandor, Marwar (Jodhpur, Rajasthan), during the 6th to 9th centuries CE, generally with feudatory status. The line of Nagabhata ruled first at Ujjain and later at Kannauj during the 8th to 11th centuries. Other Gurjara lines existed, but they did not take the surname Pratihara.

      The origin of the Gurjaras is uncertain. A view once widely held was that they entered India in the wake of the Hephthalites (Hephthalite) (White Huns or Hunas), who had invaded India in the 5th century and were connected with the Khazars. Now, however, most historians believe the Gurjaras had an indigenous origin. The name Gurjara does not appear before the end of the 6th century.

      The relation of the earlier Harichandra line with the later and more important line of Nagabhata is uncertain. The founder of the later line, Nagabhata I (8th century), appears to have ruled in Malwa, and his grandnephew Vatsaraja is attested as king of Ujjain in 783. Vatsaraja suffered a great defeat at the hands of the Rastrakutas (Rāṣṭrakūṭa Dynasty), and both he and his son Nagabhata II seem to have accepted Rastrakuta suzerainty for a time. In the complicated and badly documented wars of the early 9th century—involving Pratiharas, Rastrakutas, and Palas—Nagabhata II played an important part. About 816 he invaded the Indo-Gangetic Plain and captured Kannauj from the local king Chakrayudha, who had the protection of the Pala ruler Dharmapala. With the power of the Rastrakutas weakened, Nagabhata II became the most powerful ruler of northern India and established his new capital at Kannauj. Nagabhata II was succeeded by his son Ramabhadra about 833, who after a brief reign was succeeded by his son Mihira Bhoja about 836. Under Bhoja and his successor Mahendrapala (reigned c. 890–910), the Pratihara empire reached its peak of prosperity and power. The extent of its territory rivaled that of the Guptas and, in the time of Mahendrapala, reached from Gujarat and Kathiawar to northern Bengal, though much of it was loosely held under vassal kings.

      After the death of Mahendrapala, the succession is obscure. The power of the Pratiharas was apparently weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid from the Deccan, led by the Rastrakuta king Indra III, who about 916 sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure kings, the Pratiharas never regained their former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until by the end of the 10th century the Pratiharas controlled little more than the Gangetic doab. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by Maḥmūd of Ghazna (Maḥmūd) in 1018 and was later killed by the forces of the Chandela king Vidyadhara. For about a generation longer a small Pratihara principality apparently survived in the area of Allahabad.

      The Pratiharas were the most important dynasty of medieval northern India, and their disappearance marked a stage in the political decline that accompanied the Muslim conquest.

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