Abraham Lincoln, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation

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      In the popular mind the Emancipation Proclamation transformed the American Civil War from a struggle to preserve the Union into a crusade for human freedom. But at the time of its issuance, its actual provisions had already largely been enacted into law by Congress, which had provided for the freeing of those enslaved by owners hostile to the Union, the prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia and the territories, and the freeing of soldiers who had been enslaved. The Emancipation Proclamation actually did not free a single slave, since the regions in which it authorized emancipation were under Confederate control, and in the border states where emancipation might have been effected, it was not authorized. It did, however, tremendously boost Union morale, breed disaffection in the South, and bolster support for the Union cause in Europe. The real significance of the document lay in the political factors that brought it to fruition and in the delicate political balance it preserved. By the summer of 1862, Pres. Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Abraham) had exhausted all other schemes short of full emancipation. African Americans in the North had objected to his offer of colonization; the border states disapproved of his proposal of compensated emancipation; and Abolitionists were demanding a more radical course. The military position of the North had deteriorated when on July 22, 1862, Lincoln called together his Cabinet to discuss emancipation. The president later described this fateful day in a conversation with the painter Francis B. Carpenter, who in 1864 painted The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation Before the Cabinet. "Things had gone on from bad to worse," said Lincoln to Carpenter, "until I felt that we had reached the end of our rope… We had about played our last card, and must change our tactics, or lose the game!" Lincoln had prepared a draft of the proclamation before the Cabinet meeting, "without consultation with or the knowledge of the Cabinet." The majority of the Cabinet were enthusiastic, including Secretary of State William Seward (Seward, William H), who nevertheless raised an objection to its timing. Seward argued that Lincoln should postpone the proclamation until the Union had achieved some military success, stating that otherwise "it may be viewed as the last measure of an exhausted government, a cry for help." Lincoln heeded this advice. After the decisive Battle of Antietam (Antietam, Battle of) (September 17) stopped Gen. Robert E. Lee (Lee, Robert E.)'s advance upon Washington, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation, and the Emancipation Proclamation as reprinted here was issued on January 1, 1863, under the heading, "By the President of the United States of America: A Proclamation."

      Whereas, on the 22nd day of September, in the year of our Lord 1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

      That on the 1st day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

      That the executive will, on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the states and parts of states, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any state or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such states shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States.

      Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of 100 days from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit:

      Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

      And, by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

      And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.

      And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

      And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

      In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

      Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

      By the President: Abraham Lincoln

      William H. Seward, Secretary of State.

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