Zhoushan Archipelago

▪ archipelago, China

Chinese (Pinyin)  Zhoushan Qundao  or  (Wade-Giles romanization)  Chou-shan Ch'ün-tao,  conventional  Chusan Archipelago 

      group of more than 400 islands off the northern coast of Zhejiang (Chekiang) province, eastern China. The administrative centre of the archipelago is at Dinghai, the main town on Zhoushan Island. Daishan Island lies north of Zhoushan Island.

      The Zhoushan islands represent the submerged peaks of the northeasterly continuation of the mountain ranges of Zhejiang and Fujian (Fukien) provinces, which at one time were connected with the ranges of the southwestern part of the Korean peninsula. The islands are steep and rugged, and many of them rise to elevations 800 feet (250 metres) and more above sea level. The highest peak of Zhoushan Island, the largest island of the group, rises to 1,640 feet (500 metres). Situated at the entrance to Hangzhou (Hangchow) Bay, the islands also receive much of the silt load discharged from the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the north, and many are surrounded by mud banks; over time some of the islands have become attached to the mainland.

      The islands were first brought under regular Chinese administration in the 8th century, after which they were administered from Shanghai on the mainland. The islands were important because they provided excellent harbours for the flourishing trade linking Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Zhejiang ports of Ningbo and Hangzhou.

      The connection with Japan was not merely commercial in character. One of the small islands to the east of Zhoushan itself, Putuo Shan, became an important Buddhist centre. Now covered with monasteries, cave temples, and shrines, it was a place of pilgrimage as early as the Song dynasty (960–1279). It is believed to have been founded in 916, its early cult being connected with Avalokitesvara (Avalokiteśvara) (Chinese Guanyin), the goddess of mercy, an image of whom was brought there from the Tiantai Mountains, a centre of Buddhism on the nearby mainland. A temple to the goddess was rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the 11th century and in 1131 became a major temple of Chan ( Zen) Buddhism. Extensive sea traffic with Japan enabled the island centre to develop strong links with the major centres of Zen Buddhism in Japan; in the late 13th century, when the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan attempted his conquest of Japan, he employed monks from Putuo Shan as intermediaries. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) the area was badly damaged by the raids of Japanese pirates, and the temples fell into disrepair. They were, however, restored in 1580. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) they were given imperial recognition.

      In the early 16th century the islands began to play a role in European trade. In 1661 some of the monasteries were looted and pillaged by the Dutch. At the end of the 18th century, one of the demands presented by the British mission to Beijing (1794; led by Lord Macartney (Macartney, George Macartney, Earl, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney)) was for the establishment of a British trading settlement in the islands. During the first Opium War (Opium Wars) (1839–42), fought between Great Britain and China, part of the archipelago was for a time occupied by the British.

      With the growth of modern shipping and the emergence of Shanghai as a major port in the 19th century, the commercial importance of the archipelago decreased. It remains, however, one of the most important Chinese fishing grounds and is home to an enormous fishing fleet. The islands produce great quantities of fish for market and such marine products as kelp and other seaweeds and algae. The islands are also intensively cultivated, producing two crops of rice per year. Some of the mud flats have been reclaimed in order to extend the area under cultivation.

      Dinghai, the chief town of the archipelago, is a walled city located some distance inland on Zhoushan Island; it is connected to the coast by a short canal. Dinghai became the administrative centre when the Qing dynasty transferred the administration of the islands from the mainland to there in the 17th century.

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