unitario

▪ Argentine history

      in early 19th-century Argentina, an advocate of strong central government.

      The porteños (people of the port city of Buenos Aires) were the chief advocates of centralism, which in effect meant control of the country by Buenos Aires, where the chief source of revenue, the customhouse, was located. They were opposed to, and by, many provincianos (Argentines outside of Buenos Aires provincia), whose gaucho armies fought for decades to maintain federalism, which meant virtual autonomy for each province. Provincianos also demanded tariff protection for their nascent industries and the end of Buenos Aires's status as the exclusive entrepôt of the country.

      The first setback for the unitarios was their defeat by federalist forces at the Battle of Cepeda (Cepeda, battles of) (1820). During the presidency of the porteño Bernardino Rivadavia (Rivadavia, Bernardino) (served 1826–27), the unitario porteños maintained a brief but stormy ascendancy. The constitution of 1826, although it provided for a centralized national authority while leaving the provinces with considerable local powers, was rejected by the provincial caudillos (military leaders); and the country continued in turmoil.

      In 1829 Gen. José María Paz organized the Liga Unitaria to oppose the federalists; the provinces of Córdoba, San Luis, Mendoza, San Juan, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Salta, Jujuy, and Catamarca adhered to the league, which was opposed by the Liga Litoral, composed of the littoral provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Ríos. The Liga Litoral was joined in 1831 by Buenos Aires, which was in the hands of its governor (later dictator) Juan Manuel de Rosas (Rosas, Juan Manuel de), who fashioned his politics to further his drive for power. Paz was captured in 1831, and the Liga Unitaria was soon dismembered.

      Rosas and the unitarios continued at loggerheads until his overthrow in 1852. On May 31, 1852, the provincial governors signed the Pact of San Nicolás (at San Nicolás de los Arroyos, in Buenos Aires province), by which the federal agreement of 1831 between Argentina and the littoral provinces was reinstated and a call for a constitutional convention was issued. Gen. Justo José de Urquiza (Urquiza, Justo José de), who had toppled Rosas, was appointed interim head of the government. The constitution of 1853, which was influenced by the U.S. Constitution and by the ideas of the Argentine political philosopher Juan Bautista Alberdi, endured until 1949, when Juan Perón replaced it with a new one; it was restored in 1958 by Pedro Eugenio Aramburu and amended by Carlos Saúl Menem in 1994.

      The 1853 Argentine instrument and the centralist Chilean constitution of 1833, which remained in effect until 1925, became the longest enduring in Latin America. The Argentine constitution provided some balance between the positions of the unitarios and federalists. The national executive was vested in a six-year term president who could not succeed himself; he was empowered to intervene in the provinces should they be threatened by invasion or civil disorders.

      When Urquiza nationalized customs receipts and allowed a free flow of trade on the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, the porteños in 1853 broke away from the other provinces. The secession ended in 1859, when Urquiza defeated a Buenos Aires army led by Bartolomé Mitre (Mitre, Bartolomé) at a second Battle of Cepeda. Armed strife continued, however, until Mitre emerged sufficiently victorious at the Battle of Pavón (1861) to be chosen president of a new national government.

      Political opposition to the porteños continued under the Córdoba League, a combination of provincial politicians who more or less controlled national politics until 1890.

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