thyroid function test

▪ medicine

      any laboratory procedure that assesses the production of the two active thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃), by the thyroid gland and the production of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), the hormone that regulates thyroid secretion, by the pituitary gland. The best and most widely used tests are measurements of serum thyrotropin and thyroxine. The secretion of thyrotropin changes substantially in response to very small changes in thyroxine and triiodothyronine production. For example, small decreases in thyroid hormone production result in relatively large increases in serum concentrations of thyrotropin, and, conversely, small increases in thyroxine and triiodothyronine production result in relatively large decreases in serum concentrations of thyrotropin. Therefore, patients with hypothyroidism (thyroid deficiency) almost invariably have not only low serum thyroid hormone but also high serum thyrotropin concentrations, and those with hyperthyroidism have high serum thyroid hormone and low serum thyrotropin concentrations. An exception is patients with pituitary (pituitary gland) disease and thyrotropin deficiency, who have low serum thyroid hormone but normal or low serum thyrotropin concentrations. Between the two thyroid hormones, measurements of serum thyroxine are preferred because serum triiodothyronine concentrations are abnormal in many patients with nonthyroid illnesses.

      Thyroxine and triiodothyronine exist in serum in two forms, bound and free (or unbound). Over 99 percent of each hormone is bound to one of three proteins—thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyretin (also known as thyroxine-binding prealbumin), and albumin. Serum thyroxine (and triiodothyronine) can be measured as the total hormone, which includes the bound and free fractions, or as free hormone alone. Changes in serum concentrations of these binding proteins occur, with the most common change being an increase in serum thyroxine-binding globulin in pregnant women and women taking estrogen. On the other hand, androgenic hormones (androgen) and many illnesses decrease production of the binding proteins. These changes alter serum total thyroxine concentrations but not serum free thyroxine concentrations (and, similarly, total and free triiodothyronine concentrations). Thyroid hormone entry into tissues, and therefore hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, is correlated with serum free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine concentrations, not serum total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine concentrations. Therefore, measurements of serum free thyroxine are a better test for thyroid dysfunction than are measurements of serum total thyroxine.

      The function of the thyroid is sometimes assessed by the radioactive iodine uptake test. In this test the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive iodine, and the fraction of the radioactive iodine that accumulates in the thyroid is measured 6 or 24 hours later. This test is used mostly to distinguish between different causes of hyperthyroidism; radioactive iodine uptake is high in patients with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease or thyroid nodular disease, and it is low in patients with hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis).

      While not a test of thyroid function, another common procedure is to measure several thyroid antibodies (antibody) found in serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Many patients with Graves disease have high serum concentrations of these two antibodies, as well as high serum concentrations of the TSH-receptor antibodies that cause the hyperthyroidism that characterizes the disease.

Robert D. Utiger

 

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