Tamil literature

      body of writings in Tamil, a Dravidian language of India and Sri Lanka. Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the śaṅgam, or literary academy (see Śaṅgam literature).

      Notable works of the 4th–6th centuries include the twin epics Cilappatikāram (“The Lay of the Anklet”) and Maṇimēkalai (“The Girdle of Gems,” the only extant Tamil Buddhist work) and the Tirukkuraḷ (Tirukkural), a collection of aphorisms on such matters as love, kingship, and ethics. The 6th–9th centuries saw the emergence of bhakti, the poetry and religion of personal devotion, which began in the Tamil region with the hymns of the Āḻvār (Āḷvār)s and the Nāyaṉār (Nāyanār)s (qq.v.) in honour of the Vaiṣṇava and Śaiva saints. From the 12th to the 16th century many philosophical treatises and anthologies of religious legends were composed, as well as the classic writings of the poet Kampan. From the 19th century, Tamil literature was increasingly influenced by Western forms and ideas. See also Indian literature.

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