Monroe, Elizabeth

▪ American first lady

née  Elizabeth Kortright 

born June 30, 1768, New York, New York [U.S.]

died September 23, 1830, Oak Hill, Virginia, U.S.

      American first lady (1817–25), the wife of James Monroe (Monroe, James), fifth president of the United States. Although she was noted for her beauty and elegance, her aloofness made her unpopular.

      Elizabeth Kortright was the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a wealthy merchant who lost much of his fortune during the American Revolutionary War (American Revolution), and Hannah Aspinwall Kortright. With a reputation as a petite beauty, Elizabeth met James Monroe while she was still in her teens and he was serving as a congressional representative of his native Virginia in New York City, then the nation's capital. They married in New York on February 16, 1786, and moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he practiced law.

      In 1794 James Monroe was named American minister to France, and Elizabeth accompanied him to Paris on her first trip to Europe. In Paris her charm, beauty, and flair for fashion made her very popular, and she was dubbed la belle americaine. In a dramatic gesture, she used her popularity to save the life of Marie-Adrienne Lafayette, the wife of the marquis de Lafayette (Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de), the French revolutionary leader who assisted the United States during the American Revolution. Lafayette had been imprisoned when her husband fled France, and the Monroes hoped to show their gratitude to him by obtaining his wife's freedom. Riding through the streets of Paris to the prison where Madame Lafayette was being held under a death sentence for treason, Elizabeth requested a visit, and the two women embraced in public; soon afterward Lafayette was released.

      After six years in Virginia (1797–1803), the Monroes returned to Europe, where they lived in Paris and London for the next four years. Elizabeth's experiences abroad during this period influenced her greatly but also harmed her image among the American public, which came to regard her as too European and elitist. Elizabeth, for her part, preferred to distance herself from people she considered unsophisticated.

      This attitude affected her reputation as first lady. Her refusal to follow the practice of her predecessor, Dolley Madison (Madison, Dolley), by initiating social calls on legislators' wives as they arrived in Washington, D.C., was so insulting to the women that they prevailed on their husbands to bring the matter to the president's attention. It was resolved in Elizabeth's favour at a meeting of the cabinet in December 1817, but she soon faced other problems. When her younger daughter married in 1820, she insisted on keeping the event private, thereby annoying Washington society. Moreover, Elizabeth often fled the capital, saying she was ill, to stay with her daughters. Washingtonians reacted by boycotting the few parties that she hosted, and they lamented the loss of the egalitarian atmosphere that prevailed in the White House under the Madisons.

      Elizabeth Monroe is best remembered for her role in choosing new furniture for the presidential mansion when it was rebuilt in 1817 (after its destruction by the British during the War of 1812 (1812, War of)). Elizabeth had developed a great appreciation for French style and workmanship, and she and the president instructed an agent in Paris to spend a special congressional appropriation there. When the White House was refurbished in the early 1960s, these purchases were considered some of its finest holdings.

      After leaving Washington, the Monroes retired to their estate in Oak Hill, Virginia, where Elizabeth died in 1830. She and James, who survived her by less than one year, were buried beside each other in Richmond, Virginia.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

A brief biography of Elizabeth Monroe is Julie K. Fix, “Elizabeth (Kortright) Monroe,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 69–79. William Seale, The President's House, 2 vol. (1986), covers not only the Monroes' years in the White House but also, in the epilogue, the attempt in the 1960s to locate and retrieve some of the Monroes' purchases.

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