Mivart, Saint George Jackson

▪ British biologist

born Nov. 30, 1827, London, Eng.

died April 1, 1900, London

      British biologist, a leading critic of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

      Unable to enter the University of Oxford after his conversion to Roman Catholicism (1844), Mivart continued his studies at St. Mary's, Oscott (1844–46). His research into the anatomy of carnivores and insectivores, conducted while he was lecturing at the medical school of St. Mary's Hospital (1862–84), greatly increased knowledge of the subject. In 1881 he published The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, which is considered to rank with T.H. Huxley's Crayfish for its accuracy, detail, and clarity.

      Mivart supported the general concept of evolution but minimized the contribution of natural selection, preferring to believe that the appearance of new species resulted from an innate plastic power that he called individuation. He argued that natural selection could never produce complex structures such as the vertebrate eye, because the initial stages of the structure would be useless until all the components were present. He also denied the evolution of human intellect, insisting that it was conferred by divine power. His publication of On the Genesis of Species (1871), Nature and Thought (1882), and The Origin of Human Reason (1889) alienated both Darwin and Huxley.

      Mivart also fell from favour with the church. While a professor of the philosophy of natural history at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), Belg. (1890–93), he published several articles that seemed to conflict with religious teachings. These articles were placed on the Vatican's index of forbidden readings, and further controversial articles led to Mivart's excommunication by Cardinal Vaughan in 1900.

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