McKinley, Ida

▪ American first lady

née  Ida Saxton 

born June 8, 1847, Canton, Ohio, U.S.

died May 26, 1907, Canton

 American first lady (1897–1901), the wife of William McKinley (McKinley, William), 25th president of the United States.

      Ida Saxton was the middle child of James A. Saxton, a wealthy banker and businessman, and Catherine Dewalt Saxton. After attending local public schools, she enrolled at several private schools and the Brooke Hall Seminary finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania. In 1869 she and her younger sister began a lengthy tour of Europe; the letters she wrote to her parents indicate that she was headstrong and independent. For example, she criticized her chaperone—who described Ida as “spoiled”—as difficult and “very self-willed.”

      After her return to Canton, she took a job as a cashier in her father's bank—an unusual decision for a middle-class woman in the 19th century. There she met William McKinley, who had just been elected Stark county prosecutor. He proposed marriage shortly thereafter, and the couple wed on January 25, 1871. Their two children were born in 1871 and 1873.

      Soon after the birth of their second child, Ida suffered a series of tragedies that left her a virtual invalid. Both Ida's mother and her infant daughter died within months of each other in 1873, and two years later the couple's only surviving daughter, Katie, succumbed to typhoid fever at age three. Once energetic and vibrant, Ida became increasingly morose and sickly, and she began experiencing seizures that were later described as epileptic. William zealously guarded her comfort (in ways that his staff found excessive), and she relished his attention. Although her physical condition limited her hostessing activities, she often appeared at his side in public. After his election to the United States House of Representatives (Representatives, House of) in 1876, she traveled with him to Washington, D.C. By the time he was elected governor of Ohio in 1892, her health had improved somewhat, and she played a more prominent social role.

      When the Republican Party nominated William for the presidency in 1896, Ida was featured in the campaign in an unprecedented way. No candidate's wife had ever before been the subject of a biography, but Republican campaign officials published a small book about her in which they praised her virtues as a religious and capable woman and sought to dispel rumours about her health problems. Nevertheless, her health had declined since William was governor of Ohio, and by the time the couple moved into the White House in 1897 her seizures had reappeared, and she was too ill to perform many of the duties routinely assumed by her predecessors. In a break with protocol, she sat next to the president at formal dinners, close enough so that William could cover her face with a handkerchief if she suffered a seizure. Although her illnesses were never discussed in public, they were well-known to visitors and the press, who often commented on her sickly colour and feeble movements. Ellen Maury Slayden, the wife of Texas congressman James Slayden, wrote in her journal (which was later published) that the “first glimpse of Mrs. McKinley made me feel ashamed of coming…[the] poor, suffering woman…ought to have been hidden from the gaze of the curious.” Despite her poor health, some of her husband's aides noted that she kept up with current events and could be remarkably sage in her judgment of people and her analysis of political events. Indeed, she was said to have influenced her husband's decision to appoint Leonard Wood (Wood, Leonard) to lead America's forces in Cuba in the Spanish American War (Spanish-American War) (1898) and to send missionaries to the Philippines.

      After William was shot in Buffalo, New York, in 1901, he whispered to an aide as he fell, “My wife, be careful…how you tell her—Oh be careful.” Although deeply grieved by her husband's death, she apparently suffered no more seizures for the rest of her life, though some believe a seizure caused her death in 1907. She was entombed in the McKinley Memorial Mausoleum in Canton.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

A brief biography of Ida McKinley is John J. Leffler, “Ida Saxton McKinley,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy (1996), pp. 277–293. Biographers of her husband who have given considerable attention to her include Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (1959, reissued 1986); and H. Wayne Morgan, William McKinley and His America (1963). A very sympathetic biography published by her husband's campaign is Josiah Hartzell, Sketch of the life of Mrs. William McKinley (1896).

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