Maniu, Iuliu

▪ prime minister of Romania

born Jan. 8, 1873, Şimleu Silvaniei, Transylvania, Hung. [now in Romania]

died June 1953, Sighet, Rom.

      statesman who served as prime minister of Romania (1928–30, 1930, 1932–33) and as head of the National Peasant Party. Maniu was one of the most important Romanian political leaders of the period.

      Maniu, a native of Transylvania, was elected in 1906 to the Hungarian Parliament, where he joined a small band of Romanian deputies urging equal rights for their minority. During World War I he served in the Austro-Hungarian army, but in the autumn of 1918 he led the movement to separate Transylvania from Hungary and make it a part of Greater Romania. In December 1918 he was elected president of the Transylvanian directing council (Consiliul Dirigent), which proclaimed union with Romania, a fait accompli later recognized by the Treaty of Trianon (June 1920).

      From 1926 he headed the National Peasant Party, created in that year by the fusion of his Transylvanian National Party with the Peasant Party of Ion Mihalache. Between November 1928 and October 1930 he served as prime minister of a National Peasant administration, which failed to fulfill its mandate for political and social reconstruction, mainly because of financial setbacks caused by the Great Depression. Maniu resigned briefly in June 1930 to protest the return of King Carol II. He returned to his position a few days later but resigned the following October, still upset by the king's continuing liaison with Magda Lupescu. From October 1932 to January 1933 he headed a second government and in 1937 formed an electoral alliance with the fascist Iron Guard in order to wrest political control from the king. During World War II he initially supported Romania's war effort against Russia. After the Romanian army recovered Bessarabia and Bukovina, he became one of the principal resistance leaders and organizers of the coup of August 1944, which brought Romania into the war against Germany. He was the leader of the democratic opposition to a communist takeover, but after the installation of a communist regime (1945), his position became increasingly precarious. He was imprisoned for espionage and treason after a show trial in November 1947 and died in prison in 1953.

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