Leavis, F.R.

▪ British critic

in full  Frank Raymond Leavis 

born July 14, 1895, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng.

died April 14, 1978, Cambridge

      English literary critic who championed seriousness and moral depth in literature and criticized what he considered the amateur belletrism of his time.

      Leavis attended Cambridge University and then served throughout World War I as an ambulance bearer on the Western Front. He lectured at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, from 1925 but moved in the early 1930s to Downing College, where he was elected into a fellowship in 1936. He retired in 1962 and thereafter served as visiting professor at a number of English universities. In 1967 he delivered the Clark Lectures at Trinity College, Cambridge (published in 1969 as English Literature in Our Time and the University). He was made a Companion of Honour in 1978.

      In 1932 with his wife, the former Queenie Dorothy Roth, author of the important Fiction and the Reading Public (1932), he founded Scrutiny, a quarterly journal of criticism that was published until 1953 and is regarded by many as his greatest contribution to English letters. Always expressing his opinions with severity, Leavis believed that literature should be closely related to criticism of life and that it is therefore a literary critic's duty to assess works according to the author's and society's moral position.

      Leavis' criticism falls into two phases. In the first, influenced by T.S. Eliot, he devoted his attention to English verse. In New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) he attacked English late Victorian poetry and proclaimed the importance of the work of T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, emphasizing wit and the play of intellect rather than late-Romantic sensuousness. In Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry (1936), he extended his survey of English poetry back to the 17th century. In the 1940s his interest moved toward the novel. In The Great Tradition (1948) he reassessed English fiction, proclaiming Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad as the great novelists of the past and D.H. Lawrence as their only successor (D.H. Lawrence: Novelist, 1955). He stressed the importance these novelists placed on “a reverent openness before life.” After 1955 other novelists, notably Dickens and Tolstoy, engaged his attention in Anna Karenina and Other Essays (1967) and Dickens the Novelist (1970), written with his wife. His range is perhaps best shown in the collection The Common Pursuit (1952).

Additional Reading

William Walsh, F.R. Leavis (1980), combines criticism and biography. Analyses of his writing include R.P. Bilan, The Literary Criticism of F.R. Leavis (1979); and Francis Mulhern, The Moment of “Scrutiny” (1979).

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