Lao literature

Introduction

      body of literature written in Lao (Lao language), one of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia and the official language of Laos.

Early Lao literature

      The rich oral tradition of poetry and folk tales possessed by the Lao-speaking people predates their written literature and maintains a wide popularity to the present day. The earliest evidence of written literature among the Lao dates from the 16th century, during the Lan Xang period. Literature served an important role as a vehicle with which to convey Buddhist (Buddhism) religious teachings and explain proper behaviour for individuals in society. It was deeply influenced by the literary tradition of the neighbouring kingdom of Lan Na (in present-day Thailand), through which it was indirectly influenced by Buddhist and Hindu literary works of South Asian origin. In addition, commonly occurring plots in Lao literature and the conventions by which they were told owed much to oral traditions of storytelling that are either specifically Lao in origin or belong to the broader traditions of mainland Southeast Asia.

      Early Lao literature existed in both poetic and prose forms. The most prominent characteristics of Lao verse, which shares similarities with the poetry of other Tai-speaking groups in the region, developed perhaps as early as the 14th century, although the exact date of its origins are unknown. These characteristics include the frequent use of alliteration and parallelism and the placement of words of specific tones in assigned positions within a poetic line. Stories, largely anonymous in their composition, were commonly presented in the form of Jataka (Jātaka) tales, which were believed to be of Buddhist scriptural origin.

      Under the patronage of the monarchy and the Buddhist monkhood, literature continued to flourish for two centuries, during which time such major classical works as Sang Sinsai and Thao Hung Thao Cheuang were probably composed. The titles of these works are drawn from the names of their subjects: the former relates the exploits of a legendary prince, and the latter is the tale of a Southeast Asian warrior-king. Following the decline and subsequent disintegration of the Lan Xang kingdom in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Lao literary tradition continued, largely on a village level.

Modern Lao literature

      In the 19th century the great social and political upheavals in the region became a prominent literary theme. They were often represented in Buddhist and mystical terms, as in such works as San leup phasun (“Extinguishing the Brilliance of the Sun”) and Pheun meuang kung (“History of the City,” or “History of Bangkok”). Under French colonial rule, which culminated with France's annexation of Laos under treaties agreed to in 1903 and 1907, the lack of widespread secular education and the late introduction of printing technology delayed the emergence and growth of Western-influenced literature. The first work of recognizably modern prose fiction in Lao did not appear until the publication of Phaphutthahup saksit (1944; “The Sacred Buddha Image”), a short novel by Somjin Nginn about a detective of mixed Lao and French ancestry who investigates the disappearance of an image of the Buddha.

      In the mid-20th century, traditional Lao literature declined as religious schooling was gradually replaced by secular, government-sponsored education and as the Lao came into increasing contact with Thailand and the West. After Laos gained independence in 1954 and saw the outbreak of civil war a few years later, the composition and readership of literature in areas under the control of the royal Lao government was largely restricted to a small, educated segment of the population in Vientiane, the country's capital. Influenced by French, Thai, and American fiction, authors in Vientiane produced popular works exhibiting romance and humour as well as social commentary that attacked the government as corrupt and that bemoaned a perceived decline in Lao social values. Major writers in Vientiane during this period include three children of Maha Sila Viravong, an important scholar of traditional Lao literature, history, and culture: Pakian Viravong, Duangdeuan Viravong, and Dara Viravong (pseudonyms Pa Nai, Dauk Ket, and Duang Champa, respectively). An equally important writer was Outhine Bounyavong, Maha Sila Viravong's son-in-law, who remained a notable writer through the turn of the 21st century; his short stories were translated into English and collected as Mother's Beloved (1999). Their writings were published in a literary magazine that they themselves produced and also in books such as Nao chai (1971; “Cold at Heart”) and Bau ban kau haum (1972; “Fragrant Without Blossoming”). These books, like many from this period, are collections of the writings of multiple authors.

      In zones controlled by the communist Lao Patriotic Front, the political wing of the Pathet Lao, literature showed the influence of Socialist Realist (Socialist Realism) works from Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Literature in these zones was composed for the specific purpose of creating and supporting a communist society, and books were typically published anonymously. One such example of an anonymous collection of stories from the early 1970s is Bon en thang pot poi (“Along the Road of Liberation”). Important authors of this period include Somsi Desa and Khamliang Phonsena.

      In the decade following the communists' victory in 1975, the major themes treated in literature were the virtues of the communist revolution and the great strides Lao society was taking under communist party leadership. But by the mid-1990s, romance had grown increasingly common as a literary topic. Although the government continued to produce political works glorifying the revolution, such works were read by few outside the classroom; melodramatic stories of love instead resonated more strongly among the reading public in Vientiane. In these stories the focus is on the personal rather than on political concerns. One example from the late 1990s is Hak lae phukphan (“Love and Ties”) by the prolific Duangsai Luangphasi. In this story a woman's parents oblige her to end her relationship with the man she loves in order to marry a suitor from a wealthier family. When she is diagnosed with a terminal illness, her suitor promptly abandons her, and she is happy to be reunited with her true love.

      Economic and political obstacles continued to limit the growth of literature in Laos at the end of the 20th century. As a result of the prohibitive cost of publishing and the resultant small readership, book-length works of literature—or even collections of short stories or other genres—were relatively rare. Although the government's “New Imagination” policy of the late 1980s had promised increased liberalization of Lao society, the government remained strict in its control of the printed word through the turn of the 21st century, inhibiting the use of literature as a vehicle with which writers could discuss Lao society in a meaningful manner.

      However, despite these restrictions, Lao authors produced a significant and varied body of literature during the last decades of the 20th century. One of the most important and outspoken Lao writers was Bounthanong Somsaiphon, whose novels, short stories, and poetry provide invaluable insight into the rapidly changing realities of Lao culture and society under the communist regime. His important works include Long su Thanon Lan Xang (1989; “Entering Lan Xang Avenue”), a semiautobiographical account of his life as a student activist in the years leading up to the communist revolution. He also wrote several notable short stories in the 1990s, among them Ran khai lao rim pacha (“A Bar at the Edge of the Cemetery”), in which he describes the dangers of public apathy in the face of corruption and political oppression. The works of Viset Savaengseuksa, who served as a member of the Lao parliament, are noteworthy for the imaginative and often humorous approach with which they portray the life of ordinary people in Lao society. One of his short stories, Khon yang lung Dam (1995; “A Man Like Uncle Dam”), is a critical comparison of the values of Lao communist society and traditional Lao religious principles. It describes the plight of a civil servant who is in immediate need of a blood transfusion. Members of the Lao government prove uncaring and unwilling to act on her behalf, but she is ultimately spared as a result of the compassion of an old man who acts in accordance with Buddhist principles. Other notable Lao writers at the turn of the 21st century include Somsuk Suksavat, Saisuvan Phaengphong, and Daoviang Butnakho.

Peter D. Koret

Additional Reading

Among the English-language works of critical interest on Lao literature are Peter Koret, “Convention and Creativity in Traditional Lao Literature,” in David Smyth (ed.), The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (2000), pp. 210–233; Peter Koret, “Introduction,” in Outhine Bounyavong, Mother's Beloved: Stories from Laos, ed. by Bounheng Inversin and Daniel Duffy (1999), an essay on contemporary Lao literature; Sachchidanand Sahai, The Rama Jataka in Laos: A Study in the Phra Lak Phra Lam, 2 vol. (1996); and Peter Koret, “Lao Literature,” in Alastair Dingwall (ed.), Traveller's Literary Companion to South-east Asia (1994), pp. 120–153.Peter D. Koret

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