Hayes, Lucy

▪ American first lady

née  Lucy Ware Webb 

born August 28, 1831, Chillicothe, Ohio, U.S.

died June 25, 1889, Fremont, Ohio

 American first lady (1877–81), the wife of Rutherford B. Hayes (Hayes, Rutherford B.), 19th president of the United States, and the first presidential wife to graduate from college.

      Lucy Webb was the daughter of James Webb, a physician and ardent abolitionist, and Maria Cook Webb, who raised Lucy and her two older brothers by herself after her husband's death in 1833. Education was a high priority in the household: Lucy's brothers attended Ohio Wesleyan University, and in 1850, at the age of 18, Lucy graduated from Wesleyan Female College in Cincinnati, Ohio.

      In that year Lucy met Rutherford B. Hayes, then a young lawyer in Cincinnati, and they were married on December 30, 1852, at her mother's home. In the first two decades of their marriage Lucy gave birth to eight children, five of whom survived infancy, and she managed to care for them while keeping a close eye on her husband's career. She supported his decision to volunteer for the Union army in the American Civil War, and she visited him in camp and later left her young children to care for him while he was wounded. After Rutherford entered Congress in 1865 she attended congressional debates, and during his governorship of Ohio (1868–76) she performed many of the charitable and social-service activities that would later become routine for first ladies, such as visiting schools, hospitals, and institutions for the mentally ill and lobbying for funding for orphanages and veterans' families. In doing so she became very popular with Ohio voters.

      As first lady Lucy was widely heralded for her simplicity and good sense. Although family inheritances had made her very wealthy, she retained her humble style and frugal habits, a fact that endeared her to those who had tired of the extravagant lifestyle favoured by her predecessor, Julia Grant (Grant, Julia). Lucy's decision to serve only nonalcoholic beverages in the White House was applauded by proponents of prohibition but ridiculed by others, including reporters who insisted that at White House parties there was always one punch bowl with something stronger in it. In fact “Lemonade Lucy,” as she was nicknamed by her critics, did not object to drinking by others and was far more interested in education and health care than in the national prohibition of alcohol. She supported the White House ban because it was popular, and her husband observed in his diary that it had won him votes. When she invited children to roll Easter eggs on the White House lawn, she initiated a popular tradition that her successors continued.

      In 1880 Lucy accompanied her husband on a train trip to the west coast, the first such journey by an incumbent president, and her presence drew large crowds. Partly as a result of her popularity, the title first lady, formerly rarely used, became more common during her tenure.

      Rutherford refused nomination for a second term, and the Hayeses retired to Spiegel Grove, their home in Fremont, Ohio, where they lived happily until Lucy died of a stroke in 1889. She was buried near her home.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

A full-length biography of Lucy Hayes is Emily Apt Geer, First Lady: The Life of Lucy Webb Hayes (1984). A brief treatment may be found in Olive Hoogenboom, “Lucy (Ware) Webb Hayes,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 216–229. Harry Barnard, Rutherford B. Hayes and His America (1954, reissued 1992), includes information on Lucy's youth and her views on religion, slavery, and temperance.

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