Grant, Julia

▪ American first lady

née  Julia Boggs Dent 

born January 26, 1826, near St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.

died December 14, 1902, Washington, D.C.

 American first lady (1869–77), the wife of Ulysses S. Grant (Grant, Ulysses S.), 18th president of the United States and commander of the Union armies during the last years of the American Civil War. A popular first lady, she was noted for her informal manner and opulent entertaining.

      Daughter of Frederick Dent, a successful merchant and plantation owner, and Ellen Bray Wrenshall Dent, Julia was one of eight children and the eldest of four girls. Although she attended local schools and then spent seven years at Misses Mauros' boarding school in St. Louis, Missouri, she was an indifferent student. Her family's wealth and happy home life, however, gave her enormous self-confidence. Her marriage on August 22, 1848, to Ulysses linked her future with that of a young soldier with an extremely modest background and limited prospects. He served in the army until his resignation in 1854, and for the next few years he was notably unsuccessful. During this period the couple had four healthy children.

      The Civil War gave Ulysses new opportunities. He volunteered in April 1861 and rapidly rose through the ranks to become lieutenant general of the army in March 1864. Julia accompanied him as much as possible, and his fame brought her celebrity status. In Washington, D.C., his prominence and her delight in the limelight encouraged her to assume a leading role in society.

      After Ulysses became president in March 1869, Julia enjoyed entertaining in the White House but insisted that her family continue to reside in their own Washington home. Eventually, however, she relented and followed tradition. The end of the war and the nation's new prosperity in the so-called Gilded Age made the pursuit of luxuries and lavish displays of wealth acceptable, and the first lady spent accordingly on official entertaining, furnishings for the White House, and her own wardrobe.

      Julia became the first president's wife to receive national attention. Her attractive children became favourites of the press, and her daughter's wedding was celebrated with national fanfare. Women's magazines began to publish articles on the presidential household, and one of them, Godey's Lady's Book, even featured a regular column. Authored by “Aunt Mehitable,” it described the family's food and clothing, and it also printed unflattering descriptions of the first lady's appearance: “She ain't near as handsome as you think and keeps the lights low so no one can see her well.” Julia, whose eyes were slightly crossed, had considered surgery to correct the condition, but her husband stopped her, saying he preferred her just the way she was. His kind words did not deter her, however, from insisting that she always be photographed from the side.

      After they left the White House, the Grants made a much-publicized trip around the world, during which they were greeted as heroes and showered with gifts. When they returned to live in New York City, Ulysses began his memoirs, partly to pay off the family's enormous debts, incurred as a result of a business failure in 1884. He had just barely finished the task when he died on July 23, 1885. The financial success of the Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, as well as Julia's desire to set the record straight as she saw it, encouraged her to dictate her own reminiscences, which were finally published in 1975. She was the first president's wife to write an autobiography for publication.

      Julia Grant died in December 1902 and was buried beside her husband at Grant's Tomb, New York City, a fittingly prominent spot for a first lady who thrived on public attention.

Betty Boyd Caroli

Additional Reading

John Y. Simon (ed.), The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (1975), includes an introduction by Bruce Catton. A short but useful biography is John Y. Simon, “Julia (Dent) Grant,” in Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies (1996), pp. 202–215. A full-length biography is Ishbel Ross, The General's Wife (1959).

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