Fox, Sir William

▪ prime minister of New Zealand

born Jan. 20, 1812, South Shields, Durham, Eng.

died June 23, 1893, Auckland, N.Z.

      author and statesman who helped shape the Constitution Act of 1852, which established home rule for New Zealand. He also served four short terms as the nation's prime minister (1856, 1861–62, 1869–72, 1873).

      After emigrating to New Zealand in 1842, Fox became an agent for the New Zealand Company the following year and its principal agent in 1848. His lobbying in England (1851–52) was probably responsible for the addition of Taranaki to the five original provinces in the Constitution of 1852, which granted self-government. His account of the events leading up to the constitution, The Six Colonies of New Zealand, was published in 1851.

      Fox reentered politics in 1861, concerned about the first Taranaki War (1860–61) between settlers and the native Maori. As colonial secretary and minister of native affairs (1863–64), he advocated a vigorous war effort against the Maoris and confiscation of their land, policies that brought him into conflict with the governor, Sir George Grey. He defended his government's actions in The War in New Zealand (1860; rev. ed., 1866). Although he acted as premier (1869–72), the colonial treasurer, Julius Vogel, held the real power. In his parliamentary career, Fox was most effective as head of the opposition rather than in leading the government. He resigned his seat in Parliament in 1875 and was knighted in 1879.

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