Dausset, Jean

▪ French immunologist

in full  Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset 

born Oct. 19, 1916, Toulouse, France

      French hematologist and immunologist whose studies of the genetic basis of the immunological reaction earned him a share (with George Snell (Snell, George Davis) and Baruj Benacerraf (Benacerraf, Baruj)) of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

      After serving with the Free French forces in World War II, Dausset resumed his interrupted medical studies and took his degree from the University of Paris in 1945. He pursued advanced studies in the United States at Harvard University and later returned to France and became laboratory director of the National Blood Transfusion Centre. From 1958 to 1977 he conducted research and taught at the University of Paris, and from 1977 to 1987 he was a professor of experimental medicine at the Collège de France. In 1984 Dausset established the Human Polymorphism Study Center (CEPH; later renamed the Foundation Jean Dausset–CEPH) in France in collaboration with professors Howard Cann and Daniel Cohen.

      In the 1950s Dausset began studying the severe reduction in white blood cells (leukocytes (leukocyte)) that occurred in recipients of numerous blood transfusions. He found that cell loss resulted from the action of antibodies (antibody) that selectively attacked the foreign leukocytes received through transfusion while avoiding the body's own white blood cells. Dausset correctly hypothesized that these antibody reactions were stimulated by certain antigens (antigen), located on the surface of foreign white blood cells, that were later called human leukocyte antigens (human leukocyte antigen) (HLA). These antigens proved to be extremely useful in determining whether tissues from one person might be successfully transplanted to another individual (a process, similar to blood typing, called tissue typing). Dausset also demonstrated that the HLA antigens are programmed by a highly variable gene complex that proved to be analogous to the H-2 complex in the mouse discovered by George Snell. Both systems came to be seen as types of the major histocompatibility complex, which functions in helping the immune system of all vertebrates to distinguish between its own cells and foreign substances that gain entry to the body.

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