Cushman, Charlotte Saunders

▪ American actress

born July 23, 1816, Boston, Mass., U.S.

died Feb. 18, 1876, Boston

 first native-born star on the American stage.

      Cushman was encouraged by her musically gifted mother to train for the opera, and she joined a Boston company and appeared in April 1835 as Countess Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro. Said to have had a fine contralto voice, Cushman eventually was forced to abandon opera when her voice failed her. She then turned to the stage. She appeared in April 1836 as Lady Macbeth in a striking performance.

 In 1837 she first played her most popular role, Meg Merrilies, in a stage adaptation of Sir Walter Scott's Guy Mannering, and in 1839 she appeared as Nancy in Oliver Twist, based on the Charles Dickens novel. In 1842 she became manager of the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Starring with W.C. Macready (Macready, William Charles) in Macbeth, she played in Philadelphia and New York on alternate evenings during 1843–44. She played Bianca in 1845 opposite Edwin Forrest (Forrest, Edwin) in Henry Milman's Fazio and scored a great triumph in London. That same year and again on a tour in London in 1854–55, she played Romeo to her sister Susan's Juliet. Her other famous male roles included Hamlet and Cardinal Wolsey.

      An extremely popular actress in Europe as well as the United States, Cushman was at her best in powerfully emotional roles, showing little talent for subtlety or comedy. She played more than 30 masculine roles in her lifetime. Her personal life, though unmarked by scandal, was centred on her community of women friends. From 1852 to 1870 Cushman lived in England and Italy, thereafter settling in the United States.

Additional Reading

Biographical studies include Joseph Leach, Bright Particular Star: The Life & Times of Charlotte Cushman (1970); Lisa Merrill, When Romeo Was a Woman: Charlotte Cushman and Her Circle of Female Spectators (1999); and Julia Markus, Across an Untried Sea: Discovering Lives Hidden in the Shadow of Convention and Time (2000), which focuses on Cushman but also examines the lives of several other British and American women of the 19th century.

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