Ciano, Galeazzo, conte di Cortellazzo

▪ Italian diplomat

born March 18, 1903, Livorno, Italy

died Jan. 11, 1944, Verona

      Italian statesman and diplomat who became one of the key figures in the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini (Mussolini, Benito) after his marriage to Mussolini's daughter Edda (1930). He was especially influential in bringing about Italy's entry into World War II after the fall of France (June 1940).

      Young Ciano took part in the Fascist March on Rome in 1922 and then studied law at the University of Rome. After working briefly as a journalist, he entered the diplomatic corps, holding posts in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires and serving as consul general in Shanghai and as minister to China. After his marriage to Edda Mussolini, he rose rapidly through the ranks: chief of the press bureau (1933), undersecretary of state for press and propaganda (1934), and member of the Fascist Grand Council, the inner group that determined party policy. An avid aviator, he led a bomber squadron in the war against Ethiopia (1935–36) and, on his return to Rome, became minister of foreign affairs (June 9, 1936). He was regarded by many as a likely successor to Mussolini.

      Although he had repeatedly advocated the Italo-German alliance, Ciano became wary of Adolf Hitler when Germany invaded Poland (September 1939) without first consulting Italy, in direct violation of an agreement given to Ciano in May by the German foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop. At first Ciano persuaded Mussolini to adopt a policy of nonbelligerence, but, when France fell, he urged entry into the war.

      After several Axis defeats in 1942, Ciano became one of many Fascist proponents of a separate peace with the Allies. The suspicious Mussolini dismissed his entire Cabinet (Feb. 5, 1943), and Ciano was appointed ambassador to the Vatican. Nonetheless, Ciano and other leading Fascists retained enough power at the historic meeting of the Grand Council (July 24/25, 1943) to force Mussolini's resignation. When the new government was preparing charges of embezzling against him, the immensely rich Ciano fled Rome. He was captured by pro-Mussolini partisans and Germans in northern Italy. On Mussolini's orders, he was brought to trial on a charge of treason, found guilty, and executed by a shot in the back.

Additional Reading

Ciano's diaries are compiled as The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943 (2002; originally published in English, 1946). A useful biography is Ray Moseley, Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano (1999).

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