Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of

▪ British field marshal

born March 26, 1819, Hannover, Hanover [Germany]

died March 17, 1904, London, Eng.

      conservative field marshal and commander in chief of the British army for 39 years. He was the only son of Adolphus Frederick, the youngest son of King George III.

      After brief service in the Hanoverian army, George William became a colonel in the British army in 1837 and inherited his father's dukedom in 1850. At the beginning of the Crimean War (1854–56), he commanded the 1st Division and by the end of the war had taken part in all the major battles; his leadership, however, was not particularly distinguished. After the war, Cambridge was promoted to general (1856), field marshal (1862), and commander in chief (1887)—his meteoric rise being accounted for by the fact that Queen Victoria was his cousin. Though responsible to Parliament for military administration, Cambridge as commander represented the crown and, therefore, exercised considerable independence in discipline, appointments, and promotions, in all of which he favoured social standing and seniority rather than ability.

      The Crimean War had revealed glaring defects in the British military system, but the staunchly traditionalist Cambridge vigorously opposed reform. After 1868, when William Gladstone (Gladstone, William Ewart) became prime minister, the duke was forced to yield to a series of changes distasteful to him: the commander in chief was made subordinate to the war minister, the purchase of commissions was abolished, and the short-service system was adopted. Further reforms were introduced over his objections in 1881. Unable to adjust to changing conditions, he was forced to resign in 1895.

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