Calder, Alexander

▪ American artist

Introduction

in full  Alexander Stirling Calder 

born July 22, 1898, Lawnton, Pennsylvania, U.S.

died November 11, 1976, New York, New York

 American sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture the delicately balanced or suspended components of which move in response to motor power or air currents; by contrast, Calder's stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced numerous wire figures, notably for a vast miniature circus.

      Calder was the son and grandson of sculptors, and his mother was an accomplished painter. Despite growing up in an atmosphere of American academic art, he seems to have had little inclination to become an artist himself. Aside from an unusual amount of traveling and moving around, necessitated in part by his father's health, Calder's youth and interests were typical of middle-class American boys growing up in the early years of the century. His reminiscences—which are remarkable for their completeness—of his early activities have to do largely with family affairs, sports, and relations with his classmates. Perhaps the only indication of his subsequent career lay in his facility for making things and his enjoyment of gadgets.

      After study at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, he graduated in 1919 with a degree in mechanical engineering. For a time he traveled widely and held various engineering jobs. In 1922 he took drawing lessons at a night school in New York City, and in 1923 he entered the Art Students League, where he was influenced by painters of the New York scene—the Ashcan School, of which John Sloan (Sloan, John French) and George Luks (Luks, George) were among the leading artists. At this point, Calder's aspirations, like those of many American artists of the time, did not extend much beyond securing a well-paying job in illustration or commercial art. In 1924 he began doing illustrations for the National Police Gazette, for which he covered prizefights and the circus.

      After several other routine commercial illustrating jobs, Calder decided in 1926 to go to Paris, the world centre for modern art. While working on sculpture there, he began for his own amusement to make toylike animals of wood and wire. Out of these he developed a miniature circus, performances of which were attended by many of the leading artists and literary figures in Paris. The little circus figures, as well as his interest in continuous line drawings, led Calder to the creation of wire sculptures, such as the figure of a woman 7 feet (2 metres) high, entitled Spring, and Romulus and Remus, a group that included a she-wolf 11 feet (3.4 metres) long.

      Among the artists he met in Paris through his circus exhibitions, perhaps the most crucial for his subsequent career was the Spanish Surrealist painter Joan Miró (Miró, Joan). Although Surrealism was reaching its first major peak in the late 1920s, Calder does not seem to have been conscious of the movement; in fact, throughout his career he isolated himself from the “art world.” With Miró, however, he established an immediate rapport, and a lasting friendship was formed.

      In 1930 Calder met the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian (Mondrian, Piet) and visited his studio, an event that made him suddenly aware of the modern movement in painting and that influenced his work in the direction of the abstract. In the winter of 1931–32 he began to make motor-driven sculptures consisting of various geometric shapes. The name mobile was given to them by Marcel Duchamp (Duchamp, Marcel). Aesthetically, movement, because of the changing relationships among the various elements, gave each of these sculptures a continually changing composition. The following year, when Calder exhibited similar works that did not move, Jean Arp described them as stabiles, a term that Calder continued to use. Beginning in 1932, most of his mobiles were given their movement by air currents.

      In 1931, while fashioning a wedding ring for his marriage, Calder developed an interest in making jewelry. Also in 1931, he produced illustrations for an edition of the Fables of Aesop. Illustrations for a number of other books followed in the 1940s.

      During the 1930s Calder further developed the concept of the mobile. The first major manifestation of his work was at the world's fair in Paris in 1937, where he created his Mercury Fountain for the Spanish pavilion. In this sculpture, movement was introduced by a stream of mercury striking a plate that was attached to a swiveling rod. From this point, Calder's reputation expanded continually through annual exhibitions in Europe and America, climaxed by a showing at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1943.

 Although Calder's early mobiles and stabiles (stabile) were on a relatively small scale, he increasingly moved toward monumentality in his later works. One very large stabile organization was an acoustical ceiling, which he designed in 1952 for the auditorium of the Universidad Central de Venezuela in Caracas. In 1961 an exhibition on motion in art, which originated at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, emphasized the work of Calder and his followers. During the 1960s his accomplishments were recognized through major exhibitions in Kassel, West Germany; at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City; and at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.

      In 1931 Calder married Louisa Cushing James, and after their marriage the Calders traveled continually, not only between France and the United States but also to South America and Asia. In 1955 and 1956 they visited India, where Calder created 11 mobiles.

      In the 1970s Calder's studio was at Saché, near Tours. There he designed his major stabiles and experimented with free-form drawings and paintings. His normal method with large-scale works was to create a small model the enlargement of which he supervised at a foundry in Tours. Although Calder lived most of the time in France, he maintained a home and studio in Roxbury, Connecticut.

H. Harvard Arnason

Major Works

“Josephine Baker” (1926; private collection); “Romulus and Remus” (1928; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City); “Helen Wills” (1928; collection of the artist); “The Horse” (1928; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); “Spring” (c. 1929; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum); “Portrait of Shepard Vogelgesang” (1930; Shepard Vogelgesang Collection, New York); “Kiki's Nose” (1931; private collection, Paris); “Dancing Torpedo Shape” (1932; Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Mass.); “Calderberry Bush” (1932; private collection, New York City); “White Frame” (1934; collection of the artist); “A Universe” (1934; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); “The Circle” (1934; Agnes Rindge Claflin Collection, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.); “Steel Fish” (1934; Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Va.); “Hanging Mobile” (1936; Meric Callery Collection, New York); “Dancers and Sphere” (1936; collection of the artist); “Whale” (1937; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); “Tight Rope” (1937; collection of the artist); “Lobster Trap and Fish Tail” (1939; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); “Spherical Triangle” (1939; collection of the artist); “Thirteen Spines” (1940; collection of the artist); “Black Beast” (1940; collection of the artist); “Hour Glass” (1941; Catherine White Collection, New York); “Cockatoo” (1941; C. Earle Miller Collection, Downingtown, Pa.); “Red Petals” (1942; The Arts Club of Chicago); “Little Tree” (1942; Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., Collection, New York); “Horizontal Spines” (1942; Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.); “Constellation with Red Object” (1943; Museum of Modern Art, New York City); “The Water Lily” (1945; Pauling Donnelly Collection, Chicago); “Bayonets Menacing a Flower” (1945; Washington University Gallery of Art, St. Louis, Mo.); “Red and White on Post” (1948; collection of the artist); “Jacaranda” (1949; Wallace K. Harrison Collection, New York); “Blériot” (1949; Ida Chagall Collection, Paris); “El Corcovado” (1951; José Luis Sert Collection, Lattingtown, Long Island, N.Y.); “Universe” (1974; Sears Tower, Chicago).

Additional Reading

Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures (1966; rev. ed. 1977), dictated by Calder to his son-in-law Jean Davidson, is perhaps the best picture of the artist as an individual. H.H. Arnason, Calder (1967), is a critical biography with photographs by Pedro E. Guerrero that traces the development of Calder as an artist; H.H. Arnason and Ugo Mulas, Calder (1971), is a photographic document with anthology, comments, and quotations from Calder and many friends who knew him throughout his career; Jean Lipman, Calder's Universe (1977), is an illustrated biography. This work and the preceding two contain bibliographies by and about the artist.

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