Buck, Linda B.

▪ American physician

born January 29, 1947, Seattle, Washington, U.S.

      American scientist and corecipient, with Richard Axel (Axel, Richard), of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for discoveries concerning the olfactory system.

      Buck received a B.S. (1975) in both microbiology and psychology from the University of Washington and a Ph.D. (1980) in immunology from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. She first worked with Axel in the early 1980s at Columbia University in New York City, where Axel was a professor and Buck was his postdoctoral student. Buck held various positions with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Hughes Medical Institute) (HHMI) and at Harvard Medical School from 1984 until 2002, when she joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.

      In 1991 Buck and Axel jointly published a landmark scientific paper, based on research they had conducted with laboratory rats, that detailed their discovery of the family of 1,000 genes that encode, or produce, an equivalent number of olfactory receptors (olfactory receptor). These receptors are proteins responsible for detecting the odorant molecules in the air and are located on olfactory receptor cells, which are clustered within a small area in the back of the nasal cavity. The two scientists then clarified how the olfactory system functions by showing that each receptor cell has only one type of odour receptor, which is specialized to recognize a few odours. After odorant molecules bind to receptors, the receptor cells send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain. The brain combines information from several types of receptors in specific patterns, which are experienced as distinct odours.

      Axel and Buck later determined that most of the details they uncovered about the sense of smell are virtually identical in rats, humans, and other animals, although they discovered that humans have only about 350 types of working olfactory receptors, about one-third the number in rats. Nevertheless, the genes that encode olfactory receptors in humans account for about 3 percent of all human genes. The work helped boost scientific interest in the possible existence of human pheromones (pheromone), odorant molecules known to trigger sexual activity and certain other behaviour in many animals, and Buck's HHMI laboratory carried on research into how odour perceptions are translated into emotional responses and instinctive behaviour.

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