Bolger, James Brendan

▪ prime minister of New Zealand

born May 31, 1935, Opunake, North Island, New Zealand

      New Zealand farmer and politician who served as prime minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997.

      Bolger was born to newly arrived Irish Roman Catholic immigrants who had taken up dairy farming in Taranaki province. He left school at age 15 to help his parents on their farm. His first involvement with politics was with a local branch of Federated Farmers. Bolger moved to central North Island in 1963, established a farm of his own, and from that base became vice president of Federated Farmers Waikato (provincial) division and won election to Parliament with the National Party (NP) from 1972. After Bolger stood for three years in opposition to Norman Kirk's one-term Labour government, he was appointed undersecretary both for agriculture and fisheries and for Maori affairs by the new prime minister, Robert Muldoon.

      As labour minister in the next two Muldoon governments, he championed a bold assault on compulsory unionism. He made unsuccessful challenges for the posts of deputy leader in 1981 and leader in 1984 before replacing Jim McLay as party leader in 1986. The following year he failed to upset David Lange in the August triennial elections. The NP won the 1990 elections by a landslide, and Bolger became prime minister. Reconciliation with the Maori was a major concern, and in 1994 his government reached an agreement with the Tainui, a North Island Maori tribal federation, for lands and resources taken from the Maori in the mid-19th century. Bolger's popularity increased in 1995 when he opposed French nuclear testing in the South Pacific.

      In the 1996 elections, which were the country's first under the mixed-member proportional system, the NP failed to win a majority and was forced to form a coalition with the New Zealand First Party (NZFP). Although Bolger continued as prime minister, he began losing support as critics charged that he gave the inexperienced NZFP too many cabinet positions. In addition, his health and educational policies were not popular, and a pension reform, a compulsory retirement savings plan, was rejected in a referendum in September 1997. In November Bolger resigned as prime minister and as leader of the NP. Jennifer Shipley (Shipley, Jennifer) was named head of the party, and on December 8, 1997, she became New Zealand's first female prime minister.

      In 1998 Bolger resigned from Parliament and subsequently became New Zealand's ambassador to the United States, a post he held until 2002. In addition to serving on the boards of several companies, he became chancellor of the University of Waikato in 2007. Bolger was made a member of the Order of New Zealand in 1997.

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