Black Mountain poet

▪ American literature

      any of a loosely associated group of poets that formed an important part of the avant-garde of American poetry in the 1950s, publishing innovative yet disciplined verse in the Black Mountain Review (1954–57), which became a leading forum of experimental verse.

      The group grew up around the poets Robert Creeley (Creeley, Robert), Robert Duncan (Duncan, Robert), and Charles Olson (Olson, Charles) while they were teaching at Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Turning away from the poetic tradition espoused by T.S. Eliot, these poets emulated the freer style of William Carlos Williams. Charles Olson's essay Projective Verse (1950) became their manifesto. Olson emphasized the creative process, in which the poet's energy is transferred through the poem to the reader. Inherent in this new poetry was the reliance upon decidedly American conversational language.

      Much of the group's early work was published in the magazine Origin (1951–56). Dissatisfied with the lack of critical material in that magazine, Creeley and Olson established the Black Mountain Review. It featured the work of William Carlos Williams, Paul Blackburn, Denise Levertov, Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, and many others who later became significant poets.

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