Bernis, François-Joachim de Pierre de

▪ French statesman and cardinal

born May 22, 1717, Saint-Marcel d'Ardèche, France

died Nov. 3, 1794, Rome, Papal States [Italy]

      French statesman and cardinal who played an important part in the diplomatic revolution of 1756–57, in the suppression of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) by the papacy in 1773, and in the unsuccessful negotiations in 1790–91 between the French Revolutionary government and Pius VI for the recognition of the Revolution's ecclesiastical reforms.

      Born of aristocratic parentage, Bernis was trained for the church and did not become prominent in French politics until 1745, when he became a member of the entourage of Mme Le Normant, later known as Mme de Pompadour (Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de). Diplomatic experience acquired as ambassador to Venice between 1752 and 1755, together with the favour of Mme de Pompadour, caused his nomination as confidential and secret intermediary to discuss with the Austrian ambassador in Paris Austria's proposals for a French alliance (August 1755). Strongly supported by Louis XV himself, these negotiations resulted in the first (defensive) treaty of Versailles between France and Austria (May 1, 1756) and then to the second (offensive) treaty of Versailles (May 1, 1757). This alliance with France's old enemy and the abandonment of the former alliance with Prussia formed the diplomatic prelude to the Seven Years' War.

      Bernis held office as French foreign minister from June 17, 1757, until December 1758, when his fall was precipitated by French military reverses, by his desire to reform the financial system, and by the hostility of Mme de Pompadour. He became a cardinal in 1758 and archbishop of Albi in 1764. Though he used his influence with Pope Clement XIV to promote the suppression of the Jesuits, he exercised a moderating influence on French policy and did not approve of the drastic pressure exerted on the papacy by Charles III of Spain.

      Between 1769 and 1794 he acted as French ambassador to Rome. Hostile to the ecclesiastical reforms of the French Revolution, which affected his status and income as a prelate, he was in touch with the French émigré princes and played an ambiguous part in helping to crystallize papal opposition to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

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