Three Gorges Dam

▪ 1998

      The Three Gorges Dam, on which preliminary construction began in 1993, was the largest engineering project in China. Upon its completion, scheduled for 2009, it would be the largest dam in the world and generate as much hydroelectricity as that produced by 15 coal-burning power stations. The dam, designed to span the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) just west of the city of Yichang in Hubei province, would also create an immense deep-water reservoir about 600 km (about 400 mi) long that would allow oceangoing 10,000-ton freighters to navigate 2,250 km (1,400 mi) inland from the East China Sea to the city of Chongqing.

      First discussed in the 1920s by Chinese Nationalist Party leaders, the idea for the Three Gorges Dam was given new impetus in 1953 when Mao Zedong ordered feasibility studies of a number of sites. Detailed planning for the project began in 1955. Although it would control disastrous flooding along the Chang Jiang, facilitate inland trade, and provide much-needed power for central China, the dam was not without its detractors. Criticisms of the Three Gorges project began as soon as the plans were proposed and continued to the present. Key problems included the danger of dam collapse, the displacement of some 1.2 million people (critics use a figure of 1.9 million) living in nearly 500 cities, towns, and villages along the river, and the destruction of magnificent scenery and countless rare architectural and archaeological sites. There were also fears that human and industrial waste from Chongqing and other cities would pollute the reservoir and even that the huge amount of water impounded in the reservoir could trigger an earthquake. In addition, the project, first estimated at $11 billion, could end up costing $50 billion or more.

      Because of these problems, work on the Three Gorges Dam was delayed for nearly 40 years as the Chinese government struggled to reach a decision to carry through with plans for the project. In 1992 Premier Li Peng, who had himself trained as an engineer, was finally able to persuade the National People's Congress to ratify the decision to build the dam, though almost a third of its members abstained or voted against the project—an unprecedented sign of resistance from a normally acquiescent body. Critics within the engineering community were harried into silence, but uneasiness at the scale and unpredictability of the project clearly persisted. Pres. Jiang Zemin did not accompany Premier Li to the official inauguration of the dam in 1994, and the World Bank refused to advance China funds to help with the project, citing major environmental and other concerns.

      Chinese and foreign engineers continued to argue that a number of smaller and far-cheaper and less-problematic dams on the Chang Jiang tributaries could generate as much power as the Three Gorges Dam and control flooding equally as well. Construction of those dams, they maintained, would enable the government to meet its main priorities without the terrible risks.

      As of late 1997, however, the Three Gorges project was moving ahead. Workers were beginning to block the river in November, and the forces of opposition seemed to have been successfully bypassed.

JONATHAN SPENCE

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▪ dam, China

  dam on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) just west of the city of Yichang in Hubei province (Hupeh), China. A straight-crested concrete gravity structure (dam), the Three Gorges Dam is 2,335 metres (7,660 feet) long with a maximum height of 185 metres (607 feet). It incorporates 28 million cubic metres (37 million cubic yards) of concrete and 463,000 metric tons of steel into its design. When construction of the dam officially began in 1994, it was the largest engineering project in China, and, at the time of its completion in 2006, it was the largest dam structure in the world. Submerging large areas of the Qutang, Wu, and Xilang gorges for some 600 km (375 miles) upstream, the dam is intended to create an immense deepwater reservoir allowing oceangoing freighters to navigate 2,250 km (1,400 miles) inland from Shanghai on the East China Sea to the inland city of Chongqing (Chungking). Limited hydroelectric power production began in 2003. When fully operational in 2009, the dam's 26 turbines will generate approximately 18,000 megawatts of electricity for Shanghai and other cities—as much as that produced by 15 coal-burning power stations. The dam also is intended to protect millions of people from the periodic flooding that plagues the Yangtze basin.

      First discussed in the 1920s by Chinese Nationalist Party leaders, the idea for the Three Gorges Dam was given new impetus in 1953 when Chinese leader Mao Zedong ordered feasibility studies of a number of sites. Detailed planning for the project began in 1955. Its proponents insisted it would control disastrous flooding along the Yangtze, facilitate inland trade, and provide much-needed power for central China, but the dam was not without its detractors. Criticisms of the Three Gorges project began as soon as the plans were proposed and continued through its construction. Key problems included the danger of dam collapse, the displacement of some 1.2 million people (critics insisted the figure was actually 1.9 million) living in nearly 500 cities, towns, and villages along the river, and the destruction of magnificent scenery and countless rare architectural and archaeological sites. There were also fears that human and industrial waste from Chongqing and other cities would pollute the reservoir and even that the huge amount of water impounded in the reservoir could trigger earthquakes and landslides. Some Chinese and foreign engineers argued that a number of smaller and far-cheaper and less-problematic dams on the Yangtze tributaries could generate as much power as the Three Gorges Dam and control flooding equally as well. Construction of those dams, they maintained, would enable the government to meet its main priorities without the risks.

 Because of these problems, work on the Three Gorges Dam was delayed for nearly 40 years as the Chinese government struggled to reach a decision to carry through with plans for the project. In 1992 Premier Li Peng, who had himself trained as an engineer, was finally able to persuade the National People's Congress to ratify the decision to build the dam, though almost a third of its members abstained or voted against the project—an unprecedented sign of resistance from a normally acquiescent body. Pres. Jiang Zemin did not accompany Li to the official inauguration of the dam in 1994, and the World Bank refused to advance China funds to help with the project, citing major environmental and other concerns.

 Nevertheless, the Three Gorges project moved ahead. In 1993 work started on access roads and electricity to the site. Workers blocked and diverted the river in 1997, bringing to a close the first phase of construction. In 2003 the reservoir began to fill, the navigation locks were put into preliminary operation, and the first of the dam's generators was connected to the grid, completing the second phase of construction. (Following completion of this second phase, some 1,200 sites of historical and archaeological importance that once lined the middle reaches of the Yangtze River vanished as floodwaters rose.) Construction of the main wall of the dam was completed in 2006.

 

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