Mphahlele, Es'kia

▪ 2009

Ezekiel Mphahlele 

      South African writer, editor, and teacher

born Dec. 17, 1919, Marabastad, S.Af.

died Oct. 27, 2008, Lebowakgomo, S.Af.

addressed negritude, nationalism, the black African writer, and the literary image of Africa, notably through his memoir about growing up under apartheid, Down Second Avenue (1959). Mphahlele trained as a teacher and pursued graduate studies at the University of South Africa (M.A., 1956) and later in the U.S. at the University of Denver (Ph.D., 1968). His early career teaching English and Afrikaans was terminated by the South African government because of his strong opposition to the Bantu Education Act. After going into voluntary exile in 1957, Mphahlele held a number of academic and cultural posts in Nigeria, Europe, and the U.S. He returned home in 1977 and later became head (1983–87) of the department of African literature at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Mphahlele was coeditor (1960–64) with Ulli Beier and Wole Soyinka of the Nigerian literary periodical Black Orpheus, cofounded South Africa's first independent black publishing house, and coedited the anthology Modern African Stories (1964). His critical writings include volumes of essays, notably The African Image (1962), Voices in the Whirlwind (1972), Es'kia (2002), and Es'kia Continued (2005). He also wrote several short-story collections, including In Corner B (1967), The Unbroken Song (1981), and Renewal Time (1988); the novels The Wanderers (1971) and Chirundu (1979); and a sequel to his autobiography, Afrika My Music (1984).

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▪ South African writer

original name  Ezekiel Mphahlele  

born Dec. 17, 1919, Marabastad, S.Af.

died Oct. 27, 2008, Lebowakgomo

      novelist, essayist, short-story writer, and teacher whose autobiography, Down Second Avenue (1959), is a South African classic. It combines the story of a young man's growth into adulthood with penetrating social criticism of the conditions forced upon black South Africans by apartheid.

      Mphahlele grew up in Pretoria and attended St. Peter's Secondary School in Rosettenville and Adams Teachers Training College in Natal. His early career as a teacher of English and Afrikaans was terminated by the government because of his strong opposition to the highly restrictive Bantu Education Act. In Pretoria he was fiction editor of Drum magazine (1955–57) and a graduate student at the University of South Africa (M.A., 1956). He went into voluntary exile in 1957, first arriving in Nigeria.

      Thereafter Mphahlele held a number of academic and cultural posts in Africa, Europe, and the United States. He was director of the African program at the Congress for Cultural Freedom in Paris. He was coeditor with Ulli Beier and Wole Soyinka (Soyinka, Wole) of the influential literary periodical Black Orpheus (1960–64), published in Ibadan, Nigeria; founder and director of Chemchemi, a cultural centre in Nairobi for artists and writers (1963–65); and editor of the periodical Africa Today (1967). He received a doctorate from the University of Denver in 1968. In 1977 he returned to South Africa and became head of the department of African Literature at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg (1983–87).

      Mphahlele's critical writings include two books of essays, The African Image (1962) and Voices in the Whirlwind (1972), that address Negritude, the African personality, nationalism, the black African writer, and the literary image of Africa. He helped to found the first independent black publishing house in South Africa, coedited the anthology Modern African Stories (1964), and contributed to African Writing Today (1967). His short stories—collected in part in In Corner B (1967), The Unbroken Song (1981), and Renewal Time (1988)—were almost all set in Nigeria. His later works include the novels The Wanderers (1971) and Chirundu (1979) and a sequel to his autobiography, Afrika My Music (1984). Es'kia (2002) and Es'kia Continued (2005) are collections of essays and other writings.

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