- Gierek, Edward
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▪ 2002Polish politician (b. Jan. 6, 1913, Porabka, Pol., Austria-Hungary—d. July 29, 2001, Cieszyn, Pol.), as the first secretary of the Polish Communist Party for almost a decade (1970–80), sought to modernize Poland's economy and introduce social reforms, but his attempts ultimately led to financial insolvency and political unrest. After Gierek's father died (1923) in a coal-mining accident, his mother moved the family to France, where Gierek worked as a coal miner and joined the Communist Party (1931). He fought with the Belgian Resistance during World War II. In 1948 he returned to Upper Silesia, Poland's most industrialized region, and within three years he had risen to local party leader. He succeeded Wladyslaw Gomulka as first secretary in December 1970 after price increases had led to major strikes and civil unrest. Gierek eased foreign travel restrictions and allowed greater intellectual freedom. He tried to raise living standards through expanded industrialization and Western-style consumerism, financed by massive foreign investment and loans. Instead, mismanagement, corruption, and a deepening international recession left Poland with crushing national debts. Strikes in 1976 and again in 1980 led to the formation of the powerful new trade union Solidarity. Gierek was replaced as first secretary in September 1980 and was expelled from the party the next year.
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▪ Polish leaderborn January 6, 1913, Porąbka, Poland, Austria-Hungarydied July 29, 2001, Cieszyn, PolandCommunist Party organizer and leader in Poland, who served as first secretary from 1970 to 1980.After his father, a coal miner, was killed in a mine disaster in Silesia, Gierek emigrated with his mother to France, where in 1931 he joined the French Communist Party. In 1937 he joined the Belgian Communist Party, and there during World War II he reputedly was a leader of a group of Poles in the anti-Nazi underground.Gierek returned to Poland in 1948 and organized the party in Upper Silesia, Poland's most industrialized region. In 1954 he was named director of Poland's heavy industry department and two years later was elevated into the 11-man Politburo. Differing from the “Moscow” faction of the party, Gierek favoured a certain amount of “national reconciliation,” or adaptation of the Soviet party line to national and cultural circumstances. When angered industrial workers began rioting to protest a substantial rise in food prices announced by party leader Władysław Gomułka just before the Christmas holidays in 1970, Gierek took over (December 20) as the first secretary of the party's Central Committee with a promise to improve the “material situation” of families and reevaluate the government's economic policies.Gierek introduced a number of reforms, including opening Polish markets to Western products, allowing Poles greater freedom to travel abroad, and reducing cronyism within the party. Although such changes proved popular, the economy continued to struggle. Loans from the West were ill spent, resulting in a foreign debt of some $40 billion, and inflation soared. In September 1980 Gierek, faced with another outburst of demonstrations by workers, lost his place as first secretary to Stanisław Kania; in 1981 Gierek was expelled from the party.* * *
Universalium. 2010.
