Carter, Betty

▪ 1999

      American jazz singer and songwriter (b. May 16, 1929, Flint, Mich.—d. Sept. 26, 1998, Brooklyn, N.Y.), sang with energy, swing, and a freewheeling vocal range that marked her as one of the most vivid and original vocalists of her time. She studied piano and singing at the Detroit Conservatory of Music, and, by the age of 16, she was singing in Detroit clubs with bebop musicians, notably Charlie Parker. As Lorraine Carter, she toured (1948-51) with the Lionel Hampton big band and developed her scat-singing skills; Hampton nicknamed her Betty Bebop and reportedly fired her several times, but each time, his wife and manager, Gladys Hampton, rehired Carter. During the 1950s and '60s Carter's career faltered, but she had occasional popular successes, such as her 1961 album of duets with Ray Charles and a handful of tours. Unhappy with record producers' attempts to make her a more conventional singer, she formed Bet-Car Productions. Her third self-produced album, The Audience with Betty Carter (1979), was a hit with jazz fans, and she became a favourite on the international jazz club-concert circuit. Carter's artistry was marked by her selection of unusually fast or slow tempos, complex melodic interpretations that usually strayed far from the composers' themes, and an expressive face, which matched her pliable range of vocal sounds. A demanding leader, she was accompanied by trios of gifted young bop musicians, including pianists Benny Green, Cyrus Chestnut, and Stephen Scott and drummer Lewis Nash, who themselves went on to highly successful careers. Her 1988 album Look What I Got won a Grammy award, and in 1997 U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton awarded her a National Medal of Arts.

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▪ American singer

original name  Lillie Mae Jones,  also called  Lorraine Carter  or  Lorene Carter 

born May 16, 1930, Flint, Michigan, U.S.

died Sept. 26, 1998, Brooklyn, N.Y.

      American jazz singer who is best remembered for the scat and other complex musical interpretations that showcased her remarkable vocal flexibility and musical imagination.

      Carter studied piano at the Detroit Conservatory of Music in her native Michigan. At age 16 she began singing in Detroit jazz clubs, and after 1946 she worked in black bars and theatres in the Midwest, at first under the name Lorene Carter.

      Influenced by the improvisational nature of bebop and inspired by vocalists Billie Holiday (Holiday, Billie) and Sarah Vaughan (Vaughan, Sarah), Carter strove to create a style of her own. Lionel Hampton (Hampton, Lionel) asked Carter to join his band in 1948; however, her insistence on improvising annoyed Hampton and prompted him to fire her seven times in two and a half years. Carter left Hampton's band for good in 1951 and performed around the country in such jazz clubs as Harlem's Apollo Theatre and the Vanguard in New York, the Showboat in Philadelphia, and Blues Alley in Washington, D.C., with such jazz artists as Charlie Parker (Parker, Charlie), Dizzy Gillespie (Gillespie, Dizzy), Miles Davis (Davis, Miles), Muddy Waters (Waters, Muddy), T-Bone Walker (Walker, T-Bone), and Thelonious Monk (Monk, Thelonious).

      After touring with Ray Charles (Charles, Ray) from 1960 to 1963 and making a recording of duets with him in 1961, Carter put her career on hold to get married. Her marriage did not last, however, and she returned to the stage in 1969 backed by a small acoustic ensemble consisting of piano, drums, and bass. In 1971 she released her first album on her own label, Bet-Car Productions.

      Beginning in the 1970s, Carter performed on the college circuit and conducted several jazz workshops. After appearing at Carnegie Hall as part of the Newport Jazz Festival in 1977 and 1978, she went on concert tours throughout the United States and Europe. Her solo albums include Betty Carter (1953), Out There (1958), The Modern Sound of Betty Carter (1960), The Audience with Betty Carter (1979), and Look What I Got! (1988), which won a Grammy Award. Determined to encourage an interest in jazz among younger people, in April 1993 Carter initiated a program she called Jazz Ahead, an annual event at which 20 young jazz musicians spend a week training and composing with her. In 1997 she was awarded a National Medal of Arts by U.S. President Bill Clinton.

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