Toulon, Siege of

(Aug. 28–Dec. 19, 1793) Military engagement in the French Revolutionary Wars.

French royalists handed over the naval base and arsenal at Toulon, France, to an Anglo-Spanish fleet in August. The French Revolutionary army began a siege to recapture the port city and, after months of preparations, successfully assaulted the allied-held forts commanding the anchorage. A battery of French guns, commanded by the young Napoleon Bonaparte, fired on the British fleet and forced it to evacuate the inner harbour, though British and Spanish troops blew up the arsenal and burned 42 French ships before leaving. For his key role in the victory, Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general.

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▪ French history

 (Aug. 28–Dec. 19, 1793), military engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars (French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars), in which the young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) won his first military reputation by forcing the withdrawal of the Anglo-Spanish fleet, which was occupying the city of Toulon and its forts.

      On August 27–28 French royalist counterrevolutionaries handed over this major French naval base and arsenal to an Anglo-Spanish fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Lord Hood and Admiral Juan de Lángara. The British fleet also seized more than 70 French ships, almost half of the French Navy. Both the strategic importance of the naval base and the prestige of the Revolution demanded that the French recapture Toulon. Both sides brought up reinforcements, and the siege began.

      Although a series of French generals were nominally in command of the siege operation, the man responsible for its success was the previously unknown artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte. After months of preparations, the revolutionary troops, under cover of intense bombardment, successfully assaulted the allied-held forts commanding the anchorage. By late afternoon of December 18 a battery of French guns, commanded by Bonaparte, was able to open fire on the British fleet. Lord Hood immediately evacuated the inner harbour. After British and Spanish troops blew up the arsenal and burned 42 French ships that evening, they sailed from Toulon and took with them as many of the royalist citizens as they could carry. When the Revolutionary troops took possession of the city on December 19, several hundred royalists were rounded up, tried by special tribunal, and shot. Napoleon Bonaparte was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

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