Tilak, Bal Gangadhar

born July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri, India

died Aug. 1, 1920, Bombay

Indian scholar and nationalist.

Born to a middle-class Brahman family, Tilak taught mathematics and in 1884 founded the Deccan Education Society to help educate the masses. Through two weekly newspapers, he voiced his criticisms of British rule in India, hoping to widen the popularity of the nationalist movement beyond the upper classes. In response to the Partition of Bengal (1905) he initiated a boycott of British goods and passive resistance, two forms of protest later adopted by Mohandas K. Gandhi. He left the Indian National Congress in 1907 when he was deported for sedition but rejoined in 1916, in time to sign a Hindu-Muslim accord with Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Though militant in his opposition to foreign rule, late in life Tilak advocated a measure of cooperation with the British in order to achieve reforms.

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▪ Indian political leader

born July 23, 1856, Ratnāgiri, India

died Aug. 1, 1920, Bombay

      scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and militant nationalist who helped lay the foundation for India's independence. He founded (1914) and served as president of the Indian Home Rule League and, in 1916, concluded the Lucknow Pact with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, which provided for Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle for independence.

      Tilak was born into a cultured, middle-class, Brahman family. After taking his university degree, Tilak studied law but then decided to teach mathematics in a private school in Pune (Poona), which was to become the centre of his political career. He developed the school into a university college after founding the Deccan Education Society (1884), which aimed at educating the masses, especially in the English language. He then turned to the task of awakening the political consciousness of the people through two weekly newspapers: Kesari (“The Lion”), published in Marāṭhi, and The Mahratta, published in English. Through these newspapers Tilak became widely known for his bitter criticisms of British rule and also of those moderate nationalists who advocated social reforms along Western lines and political reforms along constitutional lines. He thought that social reform would only divert energy away from the political struggle for independence.

      Tilak sought to widen the popularity of the nationalist movement (which at that time was largely confined to the upper classes) by introducing Hindu religious symbolism and by invoking popular traditions of the Marāṭhā struggle against Muslim rule. He thus organized two important festivals, Ganesh, in 1893, and Shivaji, in 1895. Gaṇeśa (Ganesha) (Ganesh) is the elephant-headed god worshiped by all Hindus; Śivājī (Shivaji), the first Hindu hero to fight against Muslim power in India, was the founder of the Marāṭhā state, which in the course of time overthrew Muslim power in India. But, though this symbolism made the nationalist movement more popular, it also made it more communal and thus alarmed the Muslims.

      Tilak's activities soon brought him into conflict with the British government, which prosecuted him for sedition and sent him to jail in 1897. The trial and sentence earned him the title Lokamanya (“Beloved Leader of the People”). When Lord Curzon, viceroy of India, partitioned Bengal in 1905, Tilak strongly supported the Bengali demand for the annulment of the partition and advocated a boycott of British goods that soon became a movement sweeping the nation. The following year he set forth a program of passive resistance, known as the Tenets of the New Party, that he hoped would destroy the hypnotic influence of British rule and prepare the people for sacrifice in order to gain independence. These forms of political action initiated by Tilak—the boycotting of goods and passive resistance—were later adopted by Mohandas K. Gandhi (Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand) in his program of nonviolent noncooperation with the British.

      Tilak's approach was strong fare for the moderate party in the National Indian Congress, which believed in making “loyal” representations to the government for small reforms. Tilak aimed at Swarajya (Independence), not piecemeal reforms, and attempted to persuade the Congress to adopt his militant program. On this issue, he clashed with the moderates at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907. Taking advantage of the split in the nationalist forces, the government again prosecuted Tilak on a charge of sedition and inciting terrorism and deported him to Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar), to serve a sentence of six years' imprisonment. In Mandalay jail, Tilak settled down to write his magnum opus, the Bhagawadgita-Rahasya (“Secret of the Bhagavadgītā”), an original exposition of the most sacred book of the Hindus. Tilak discarded the orthodox interpretation that the Bhagavadgītā taught the ideal of renunciation; in his view it taught selfless service to humanity.

      On his release in 1914, on the eve of World War I, he once more plunged into politics and launched the Home Rule League with the rousing slogan “Swarajya is my birthright and I will have it.” In 1916 he rejoined the Congress and signed the historic Lucknow Pact, a Hindu-Muslim accord, with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan. Tilak visited England in 1918 as president of the Indian Home Rule League. He realized that the Labour Party was a growing force in British politics, and he established firm relationships with its leaders; his foresight was justified: it was a Labour government that granted independence to India in 1947. Tilak was one of the first to maintain that Indians should cease to cooperate with foreign rule, but he always denied that he had ever encouraged the use of violence.

      By the time Tilak returned home in 1919 to attend the meeting of the Congress at Amritsar, he had mellowed sufficiently to oppose Gandhi's policy of boycotting the elections to the legislative councils established as part of the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms. Instead, Tikal advised the delegates to follow his policy of “responsive cooperation” in carrying out the reforms, which introduced a certain degree of Indian participation in regional government. But he died before he could give the new reforms a decisive direction. In their tributes, Mahatma Gandhi called him “the Maker of Modern India” and Jawaharlal Nehru, “the Father of the Indian Revolution.”

Additional Reading

The first authoritative biography in English published outside India is D.V. Thamankar, Lokamanya Tilak (1956); S.L. Karandikar, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak: The Hercules and Prometheus of Modern India (1957), is a chronological treatment.

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