Stein, Gertrude

born Feb. 3, 1874, Allegheny City, Pa., U.S.

died July 27, 1946, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France

U.S. avant-garde writer.

Born to a wealthy family, Stein studied at Radcliffe College before moving to Paris, where from 1909 she lived with her companion Alice B. Toklas (1877–1967). Their home was a salon for leading artists and writers, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Sherwood Anderson, and Ernest Hemingway. An early supporter of Cubism, she tried to parallel its theories in her work, including the poetry volume Tender Buttons (1914). Her prose was characterized by a unique style employing repetition, fragmentation, and use of the continuous present, especially in the immense novel The Making of Americans (written 1906–11, published 1928). Her only book to reach a wide public was The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), actually Stein's own autobiography. Her other works include Four Saints in Three Acts (1934) and The Mother of Us All (1947), opera librettos scored by Virgil Thomson.

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▪ American writer

born Feb. 3, 1874, Allegheny City [now in Pittsburgh], Pa., U.S.

died July 27, 1946, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France

 avant-garde American writer, eccentric, and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.

      Stein spent her infancy in Vienna and in Passy, France, and her girlhood in Oakland, California. She entered the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women (renamed Radcliffe College in 1894), where she studied psychology with the philosopher William James, and received her degree in 1898. She studied at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1897 to 1902 and then, with her older brother Leo, moved first to London and then to Paris, where she was able to live by private means. She lived with Leo, who became an accomplished art critic, until 1909; thereafter she lived with her lifelong companion Alice B. Toklas (1877–1967).

      Stein and her brother were among the first collectors of works by the Cubists (Cubism) and other experimental painters of the period, such as Pablo Picasso (Picasso, Pablo) (who painted her portrait), Henri Matisse (Matisse, Henri), and Georges Braque (Braque, Georges), several of whom became her friends. At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the “ Lost Generation,” including Sherwood Anderson (Anderson, Sherwood) and Ernest Hemingway (Hemingway, Ernest), and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation. Her literary and artistic judgments were revered, and her chance remarks could make or destroy reputations.

      In her own work, she attempted to parallel the theories of Cubism, specifically in her concentration on the illumination of the present moment (for which she often relied on the present perfect tense) and her use of slightly varied repetitions and extreme simplification and fragmentation. The best explanation of her theory of writing is found in the essay Composition and Explanation, which is based on lectures that she gave at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and was issued as a book in 1926. Among her work that was most thoroughly influenced by Cubism is Tender Buttons (1914), which carries fragmentation and abstraction to an extreme.

      Her first published book, Three Lives (1909), the stories of three working-class women, has been called a minor masterpiece. The Making of Americans, a long composition written in 1906–11 but not published until 1925, was too convoluted and obscure for general readers, for whom she remained essentially the author of such lines as “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” Her only book to reach a wide public was The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), actually Stein's own autobiography. The performance in the United States of her Four Saints in Three Acts (1934), which the composer Virgil Thomson (Thomson, Virgil) had made into an opera, led to a triumphal American lecture tour in 1934–35. Thomson also wrote the music for her second opera, The Mother of Us All (published 1947), based on the life of feminist Susan B. Anthony (Anthony, Susan B.). One of Stein's early short stories, “Q.E.D.,” was first published in Things as They Are (1950).

      The eccentric Stein was not modest in her self-estimation: “Einstein was the creative philosophic mind of the century, and I have been the creative literary mind of the century.” She became a legend in Paris, especially after surviving the German occupation of France and befriending the many young American servicemen who visited her. She wrote about these soldiers in Brewsie and Willie (1946).

Additional Reading

Biographies include James R. Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein & Company (1974, reissued 2003); Linda Wagner-Martin, Favored Strangers: Gertrude Stein and Her Family (1995); Brenda Wineapple, Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein (1996, reissued 2008); and Janet Malcolm, Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice (2007). Critical studies include Michael J. Hoffman (compiler), Critical Essays on Gertrude Stein (1986); Richard Kostelanetz (ed.), Gertrude Stein Advanced: An Anthology of Criticism (1990); Ellen E. Berry, Curved Thought and Textual Wandering (1992); Jane Palatini Bowers, Gertrude Stein (1993); and Barbara Will, Gertrude Stein, Modernism, and the Problem of “Genius” (2000).

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