Pippin III

or Pepin or Pippin the Short

born с 714

died Sept. 24, 768, Saint-Denix, Neustria

King of the Franks (751–768), the first king of the Carolingian dynasty and the father of Charlemagne.

A son of Charles Martel, he became mayor of Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence in 741 and de facto ruler of the Franks when his brother entered a monastery in 747. With the backing of the pope, he deposed the last Merovingian ruler, Childeric III, in 751 and was crowned king by the bishops of his realm and, possibly, by the papal legate St. Boniface. Pippin was crowned king in 754 by Pope Stephen II. The king bestowed on the pope the Donation of Pippin and invaded Italy twice (754, 756) to protect the pope from the Lombards. He also put down revolts in Saxony and Bavaria and struggled to subdue rebellious Aquitaine. Pippin called several church councils and promoted religious reform in the kingdom.

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▪ king of Franks

Introduction

also spelled  Pepin , byname  Pippin the Short , French  Pépin le Bref , German  Pippin der Kurze 

born c. 714

died September 24, 768, Saint-Denis, Neustria [now in France]

      the first king of the Frankish (Frank) Carolingian dynasty and the father of Charlemagne. A son of Charles Martel, Pippin became sole de facto ruler of the Franks in 747 and then, on the deposition of Childeric III in 751, king of the Franks. He was the first Frankish king to be anointed—first by St. Boniface and later (754) by Pope Stephen II.

Background and kingship

      For years the Merovingian (Merovingian dynasty) kings had been unable to prevent power from slipping from their hands into those of the counts and other magnates. The kings were gradually eclipsed by the mayors of the palace (mayor of the palace), whose status developed from that of officer of the household to regent or viceroy. Among the mayors, a rich family descended from Pippin of Landen ( Pippin I) held a position of especial importance. When Charles Martel, the scion of that family, died in 741, he left two sons: the elder, Carloman, mayor of Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia, and Pippin III, mayor of Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence. No king had ruled over all the Franks since 737, but to maintain the fiction of Merovingian sovereignty, the two mayors gave the crown to Childeric III in 743.

      Charles had had a third son, however—Grifo, who had been born to him by a Bavarian woman of high rank, probably his mistress. In 741, when his two brothers were declared mayors of the Franks, Grifo rebelled. He led a number of revolts in subsequent years and was several times imprisoned. In 753 he was killed amid the Alpine passes on his way to join the Lombards (Lombard), at this time enemies of the Franks as well as of the papacy.

      Numerous other rebellions broke out. In 742 men of Aquitaine and Alemannia were in revolt; in 743 Odilo, duke of Bavaria, led his men into battle; in 744 the Saxons rebelled, in 745 Aquitaine, and in 746 Alemannia, the latter two for the second time.

      In 747, when Carloman decided to enter monastic life at Rome, a step he had been considering for years, Pippin became sole ruler of the Franks. But Pippin was ambitious to govern his people as king, not merely as mayor. Like his father, he had courage and resolution; unlike his father, he had a strong desire to unite the papacy with the Frankish realm. In 750 he sent two envoys to Pope Zacharias (Zacharias, Saint) with a letter asking, “Is it wise to have kings who hold no power of control?” The pope answered, “It is better to have a king able to govern. By apostolic authority I bid that you be crowned King of the Franks.” Childeric III was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Pippin was anointed as king at Soissons in November 751 by Archbishop Boniface and other prelates.

Pippin and Pope Stephen II (Stephen II (or III))

      The pope was in need of aid. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had seized Ravenna with its lands, known as the exarchate. Soon, Lombard troops marched south, surrounded Rome, and prepared to lay siege to its walls. So matters stood when in 752 Zacharias died and Stephen II (Stephen II (or III)) became pope. In November 753 Pope Stephen made his way over the stormy mountain passes to Frankish territory. He remained in France until the summer of 754, staying at the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. There he himself anointed Pippin and his sons, Charles and Carloman, as king and heirs of the crown.

      The pope returned to Italy accompanied by Pippin and his army. A fierce battle was fought in the Alps against Aistulf and the Lombards. The Lombard king fled back to his capital, Pavia; Pippin and his men plundered the land around Pavia until Aistulf promised to restore to papal possession Ravenna and all the Roman properties claimed by the pope.

      Aistulf broke his word. Again and again Pope Stephen wrote to Pippin of his difficulties. In 756 the Frankish king once more entered Italy. Aistulf was once more constrained to make promises, but the same year he died—of a fall from his horse—and in April 757 a new king, Desiderius, became ruler of the Lombards. That year Stephen II also died, and Paul I (Paul I, Saint) was elected pope. He, too, constantly wrote to Pippin asking for help.

      But the king of the Franks had other concerns. He had to put down revolts in Saxony in 748 and 753 and a rising in Bavaria in 749. He was continually marching against rebellious Aquitaine. In 768 Pippin died at Saint-Denis, on his way back from one of his Aquitanian expeditions.

      Pippin is remembered not only as the first of the Carolingians but also as a strong supporter of the Roman church. The papal claims to territory in Italy originated with Pippin's campaigns against Aistulf and the latter's pledge to return the Roman territories. His letters also show him calling for archbishoprics in Frankish territory, promoting synods of clergy and layfolk, and as deeply interested in theology.

Eleanor Shipley Duckett

Additional Reading

Ephraim Emerton, Letters of Saint Boniface (1940, reprinted 1976), an excellent translation, with a helpful preface; Thomas Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, vol. 7 (1899), a full account of Frankish invasions; J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West, 400–1000, 3rd rev. ed. (1967), history in Africa, Italy, and France; E. Dummler (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae Merovingici et Karolini Aevi, vol. 1 (1892); F. Kurze (ed.), Annales Regni Francorum (1895); W. Wattenbach (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, vol. 2 (1888).

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