Meredith, George

born Feb. 12, 1828, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.

died May 18, 1909, Box Hill, Surrey

English novelist and poet.

Though ostensibly launched on a law career at age 18, he concentrated instead on writing poems and articles and making translations. Because they brought in little money, he turned to writing prose. The novel The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) is typical of his best work, rich in allusion, metaphor, lyrical prose, witty dialogue, and psychological insight. It failed to make him wealthy, and he was forced to begin reading manuscripts for a publisher. Writing in his spare time, he produced a comedy, Evan Harrington (1860), and a volume of poems, Modern Love (1862). He finally won critical and popular acclaim with the novels The Egoist (1879) and Diana of the Crossways (1885). His works are noted for their use of interior monologue and their treatment of women as equals of men.

George Meredith, detail of an oil painting by G.F. Watts, 1893; in the National Portrait Gallery, ...

Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, London

* * *

▪ English novelist

Introduction

born Feb. 12, 1828, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.

died May 18, 1909, Box Hill, Surrey

 English Victorian poet and novelist, whose novels are noted for their wit, brilliant dialogue, and aphoristic quality of language. Meredith's novels are also distinguished by psychological studies of character and a highly subjective view of life that, far ahead of his time, regarded women as truly the equals of men. His best known works are The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) and The Egoist (1879).

Early life

      George Meredith, the son and grandson of tailors, was born above the family tailor shop in Portsmouth. The name Meredith is Welsh in origin, and family tradition held that its bearers were descendants of Welsh kings and chieftains. In keeping with this tradition, the young Meredith was proud and patrician in his bearing. A small inheritance from his mother, who died when he was five, enabled Meredith to attend a superior local seminary and thus early to assume the role of a young “gentleman.” Yet the sensitive boy must gradually have become conscious of the contrast between this role and his actual social status. And the reality was to become even harsher with the bankruptcy of the tailoring shop when he was about 11 and his father's subsequent marriage to the young woman who had been their housekeeper.

      In 1840 a second legacy, this time from an aunt, enabled him to go first to a boarding school and then, in 1842, to the Moravian School at Neuwied on the Rhine River, which was to leave its stamp upon the remainder of his life. The picturesque Rhineland, with its cliffs, its ruined castles, and its legends, stimulated the fancy of the already romantic youth. Tolerant religious instruction was combined with humanism: the boys were taught to think for themselves, to respect truth, to admire courage, to love nature, and to live in peace and amity with their fellows. The monotony of study was broken by daily sports, storytelling, and playacting and on vacations by week-long expeditions or boating trips down the Rhine. All of these influences except the religious remained with Meredith throughout life. After “a spasm of religion which lasted about six weeks,” he later said, he never “swallowed the Christian fable” and thereafter called himself a freethinker.

      Meredith's return to England in 1844, at the age of 16, ended his formal education. Like all of the other great Victorian novelists, he was to be largely self-educated. After several false starts, he was apprenticed at 18 to a London solicitor named Richard Charnock and was ostensibly launched upon a career in law. There is no evidence, however, that he ever pursued it. Probably, like the writer and politician Benjamin Disraeli, the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray, and others before him, he found it intolerably dull and abandoned it at the start. But if not the law, what profession offered hope to a young man who was brilliant but untrained, ambitious but without means? If to be a poet seems an unlikely choice, it nevertheless accorded with his romantic nature.

      He was steeped in The Arabian Nights and German legends and literature; he had already written verse, and he soon found that Charnock's interests were more literary than legal and that he had gathered around him a coterie of young friends whose interests were also literary. Perhaps all of these were influences. At any rate, among the Charnock circle was Edward “Ned” Peacock, son of Thomas Love Peacock, the eccentric author, and through Edward he met Edward's sister, Mary Ellen Nicolls, a widow with a small daughter. She was brilliant, witty, handsome, and about eight years older than he. In the course of editing and writing for a manuscript literary magazine conducted by the Charnock circle, he fell in love with her. Shortly after he reached his majority and came into the remainder of his little inheritance, they were married.

Beginnings as poet and novelist.

      On their return, the Merediths took lodgings at Weybridge, Surrey, near Peacock's house at Lower Halliford, Middlesex, and George busied himself writing poems and articles and making translations. Unfortunately, they brought in little money. Somehow, nevertheless, he managed to pay the publication costs of a little collection of verse, entitled Poems, in 1851. Though the writer and critic William Michael Rossetti praised it, Charles Kingsley, the novelist, found “very high promise” in it, and the poet Alfred Tennyson said kindly that he wished he might have written the beautiful “Love in the Valley,” praise added nothing to the family coffers.

      Beset by creditors, the Merediths had to take refuge in Peacock's house, where their only child, Arthur, was born in 1853. Understandably, Peacock soon preferred to rent a cottage for them across the village green from him. As poetry did not pay, Meredith now in desperation turned his hand to prose, writing a fantasy entitled The Shaving of Shagpat: An Arabian Entertainment, published in 1855. Original in conception but imitative of The Arabian Nights in manner, it baffled most readers, who did not know whether to regard it as allegory or fairy tale. But the most perceptive of the critics, the novelist George Eliot, praised it as “a work of genius, and of poetical genius.”

      Poverty, disappointment, and the growing antagonism between two highly strung, critical natures placed an unbearable strain upon the marriage of the Merediths. Little more is known of this period in their lives, except that Mrs. Meredith was in Wales, in the company of an artist friend of the couple, Henry Wallis, during the summer of 1857. In April 1858 she gave birth to a son, whose father was registered as “George Meredith, author,” but whose paternity Meredith always denied. Subsequently, Mrs. Meredith and Wallis went off to Capri together. She died in 1861, leaving Meredith with his eight-year-old son, Arthur.

      Work was Meredith's only solace, and he was feverishly working upon a novel, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (published in 1859), with which he hoped to win fame and fortune. It was characteristic of his best work in many respects: in form it is a romantic comedy (but with a tragic ending, as is frequent in Meredith); it deals with the relationship between a baronet and his son; the son falls in love with a lower class girl and is subjected to an ordeal—a recurring motif in Meredith—by his father; the novel is rich in allusion, image, and metaphor; the dialogue is sparkling, witty, and elliptical as in life; there are frequent intrusions by the author; three of the chapters are written in highly lyric prose; and the psychology of motive and rationalization is explored in depth. Father and son suffer from excessive pride and self-delusion (regarded by Meredith as forms of egoism), which it is the purpose of comedy, as he later said in his “Essay on Comedy,” to purge and replace with sanity. Though not without faults, the novel nevertheless remains Meredith's most moving and most widely read novel. But delicate readers found it prurient and had it banned by the influential lending libraries, scattering Meredith's hopes of affluence. He was forced to accept employment as a reader of manuscripts for a publisher and as a writer of editorials and news items for a provincial newspaper. His own writing had to be done in what spare time remained.

      Feverel was followed by Evan Harrington (1860), an amusing comedy in which Meredith used the family tailoring establishment and his own relatives for subject matter. The hero is the son of a tailor who has been brought up abroad as a “gentleman” and has fallen in love with the daughter of a baronet. His ordeal comes when he returns home to find his father dead and himself heir to the tailor shop and a considerable debt. Taking up poetry again, Meredith next published a volume of poems, Modern Love, and Poems of the English Roadside, with Poems and Ballads, in 1862. If Evan Harrington had exorcised the tailor demon that haunted him, “Modern Love” doubtless served a similar purpose for his own disastrous marriage. Semi-autobiographical, it is concerned with the tragedy of marital infidelity and its nemesis, though his own wound was now sufficiently healed for him to write compassionately. The poem deserves a place among his permanent contributions to English poetry.

      After a walking tour on the Continent, he once more turned to prose. The theme of his next novel, Emilia in England (later renamed Sandra Belloni), was the contrast between a simple but passionate girl and some sentimental English social climbers—an excellent theme for Meredithian comedy. Its publication in 1864 was made the occasion of the first general consideration of all his works up to this point in an article in the Westminster Review by the Irish journalist and writer Justin M'Carthy. A second event of importance in 1864 was his remarriage. Arthur had been placed in boarding school, and Meredith's own loneliness was intensified. Luckily, he met an attractive, well-bred young woman of Anglo-French descent, Marie Vulliamy, fell in love with her, and, after undergoing his own ordeal in persuading her father of his respectability, married her in September 1864. Thus ended a period in his life: he was no longer unknown and no longer lonely.

      A son was born to the couple in 1865 and a daughter in 1871. With a family to support and popularity still elusive, Meredith had to keep hard at work for the next 15 years, with only occasional walking expeditions on the Continent. In 1866, however, he was sent out by The Morning Post to report the Italian campaign in the Austro-Prussian War, which lasted only seven weeks but enabled him to spend three months in his beloved Italy. After his return he was able to purchase a comfortable cottage near the bottom of Box Hill, Surrey, where he was to live quietly until his death. It stands today much as when he lived in it.

Mature works.

      During the next 20 years, from 1865 to 1885, Meredith continued the drudgery of reading manuscripts but substituted weekly readings to an elderly rich widow for the newspaper work. It was, however, a period marked by the birth of the children, the publication of seven novels and a volume of poems, and, in the 1880s, by growing public recognition. The next two novels, Rhoda Fleming (1865) and a sequel to Emilia, entitled Vittoria, added nothing to his reputation. With The Adventures of Harry Richmond (1871), however, Meredith returned to what was his forte—romantic comedy. Once more he wrote a close study of a father–son relationship, only this time the father is an impostor who out-Micawbers Dickens' Mr. Micawber in his belief that something will “turn up” to make his fortune. The son's ordeal is that he must perceive and reject the world of fantasy in which his father lives and achieve maturity through painful experience. After an interval of about four years came Beauchamp's Career. Its hero is a self-deluded idealist who is converted to radicalism and whose ordeal is both political and personal. It is one of Meredith's better novels and confirmed what was clear by now, that one of his greatest strengths was the creation of spirited, flesh-and-blood women who think for themselves.

      The next two novels of consequence, The Egoist (1879) and Diana of the Crossways (1885), marked the beginning of Meredith's acceptance by a wider reading public and a more favourable reception by critics. Both are comedies, full of Meredithian wit and brilliant dialogue and notable for women characters who prove their right to be accepted as individuals, equal with men, rather than puppets. In The Egoist the enemy is egoism, and the egoist is tested by a succession of ordeals before joining the ranks of humanity. While that novel is concerned with the dangers of wrong choice before marriage, Diana is the first of a series of studies of mismating in marriage. Diana herself is a memorable character of spirit and brains, although Meredith is less successful in persuading readers that she could naively be guilty of a grave breach of confidence. In both novels, however, the men that Meredith approves of and hands the heroines over to are rather flat and uninteresting.

      A new period now began in Meredith's life. Fame, if not popularity, and financial independence had come at last. Yet his enjoyment of them was to be tempered by the death of his wife in 1885 and of Arthur in 1890, by the beginning of deafness, and by the onset of ataxia that was first to limit his ability to walk and finally to render him immobile. Honours and testimonials came in plenty: an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scot.; election to the prestigious office of President of the Society of Authors; and in 1905 the Order of Merit, strictly limited to 24 members, was conferred upon him by order of the King. Meredith had become a public institution, his home at Box Hill almost a literary shrine.

      After 1885 his work was done except for three novels and five volumes of poems that were increasingly more philosophic than poetic. One of Our Conquerors (1891) is probably the most difficult of his novels because of the indirect and cryptic style, metaphor, and long passages of interior monologue. Lord Ormont and His Aminta (1894), unlike its predecessor, was praised for the brilliancy and clarity of its style. The final novel, The Amazing Marriage (1895), repeats the theme of Lord Ormont—that a wife is free to leave a husband who does not recognize her as an equal.

      In person Meredith was slightly built but athletic, remarkably handsome, and aristocratic in manner. Because of his concern with upper class life in his novels, he has sometimes been accused of being ashamed of his lowly birth and of being at heart a snob. The charge hardly bears inspection: he chose the fashionable world as a subject because it was fittest for his brand of comic treatment. His own tastes and manner of living were almost spartanly simple, his greatest pleasures being long walks and communion with nature. His friends, for the most part, were not aristocrats; they were chiefly writers and artists, along with a few professional men. It is true that in the years of his fame he was taken up by various fashionable ladies—usually young ones whom he had fascinated—and that journalists began to beat a path to his door. If he was not the oracle with all the answers, he was willing to play the role. A brilliant talker, he delighted in expressing radical and startling ideas to journalists—that the Boers should have been given their freedom; that Britain should join the United States; that marriage should be for a 10-year trial period, renewable by mutual consent; that there was no future life; and that Britain should arm itself against impending German aggression. On his 80th birthday he was presented with another testimonial, with 250 signatures of the great ones of the world, and both King Edward VII and Pres. Theodore Roosevelt sent congratulations.

Influence

      On his 80th birthday the newspapers of the world saluted Meredith as “the Dean of English Writers,” the “last Great Victorian,” the “Grand Old Man of Letters,” and the “Sage of Box Hill.” Shortly after his death, The Times Literary Supplement said that his mind was “so rich, so full, that one wonders where there is another mind so rich, outside Shakespeare, in English literature.” As not infrequently happens, however, his great reputation went into eclipse, and other gods—Henry James, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, and D.H. Lawrence—replaced him. Ardent Meredithians remained, but the pendulum of popular taste has not swung back. The Ordeal of Richard Feverel and The Egoist will continue to have a share in college and university curricula, The Adventures of Harry Richmond and Beauchamp's Career may have limited appeal, and for the rest, Meredith will be left to scholars and the intellectual elite.

      The influence of Meredith on the novel has been indirect rather than direct. Although his highly personal style was incapable of imitation, his extensive use of interior monologue anticipated the stream-of-consciousness technique of James Joyce and others. Moreover, with George Eliot he was creating the psychological novel and thus was an important link between his 18th-century precursors and 19th- and 20th-century followers. Among later novelists influenced by him the Marxist critic Jack Lindsay cites George Robert Gissing, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, and Robert Louis Stevenson; and the writer and critic J.B. Priestley points to Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, and E.M. Forster.

C.L. Cline

Major Works

Poetry.

Poems (1851), including the first version of ‘Love in the Valley”; Modern Love, and Poems of the English Roadside, with Poems and Ballads (1862); Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth (1883); Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life (1887); A Reading of Earth (1888); Poems. The Empty Purse. With Odes to the Comic Spirit, to Youth in Memory, and Verses (1892); Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History (1898); A Reading of Life, with Other Poems (1901); Last Poems (1909).

Novels.

The Shaving of Shagpat: An Arabian Entertainment (1885, dated 1856); Farina: A Legend of Cologne (1857); The Ordeal of Richard Feverel: A History of Father and Son (1859); Evan Harrington; or, He Would Be a Gentleman (1860); Emilia in England (1864; renamed Sandra Belloni, 1889); Rhoda Fleming (1865); Vittoria (1867); The Adventures of Harry Richmond (1871); Beauchamp's Career (1875, dated 1876); The Egoist: A Comedy in Narrative (1879); The Tragic Comedians (1880); Diana of the Crossways (1885); One of Our Conquerors (1891); Lord Ormont and His Aminta (1894); The Amazing Marriage (1895); Celt and Saxon (1910; unfinished).

Other works.

The House on the Beach (1877); The Case of General Ople and Lady Camper (1890); and The Tale of Chloe (1890), three short stories; An Essay on Comedy (1897).

Additional Reading

M. Buxton Forman, A Bibliography of the Writings in Prose and Verse of George Meredith (1922, suppl. 1924) and C.L. Cline, “George Meredith,” in Lionel Stevenson (ed.), Victorian Fiction: A Guide to Research (1964), provide a fairly complete listing of works by and about Meredith. The Altschul Collection at Yale University and the Morgan Library in New York hold most of his manuscripts and papers. The University of Texas at Austin holds several hundred Meredith letters. The Memorial Edition of the Works of George Meredith, 27 vol. (1909–11), is the standard edition. The Letters of George Meredith, 2 vol., ed. by his son, W.M. Meredith, was published in 1912. C.L. Cline, The Letters of George Meredith, 3 vol. (1970), is now the standard edition. Lionel Stevenson, The Ordeal of George Meredith (1953), is the standard biography; see also J.B. Priestley, George Meredith (1926), a biographical and critical study.

* * *